The Mouse Who Couldn't Stop Washing: Pathologic Grooming in Animals and Humans

ABSTRACTThe basic science literature is replete with descriptions of naturally occurring or experimentally induced pathological grooming behaviors in animals, which are widely considered animal models of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These animal models rely largely on observed similarities between animal behaviors and human OCD behaviors, and on studies of animal pathological grooming disorders that respond to serotonin enhancing drugs. However, current limitations in assessment of complex cognition and affect in animals precludes the field's ability to match the driving primary processes behind observable phenomenology in animal “OCD” with human behavioral disorders. We propose that excessive grooming behaviors in animals may eventually prove to be equally, or possibly more relevant to, other conditions in humans that involve pathological grooming or grooming-like behaviors, such as trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder, olfactory reference syndrome, compulsive skin-picking, and onychophagia. Research is needed to better understand pathological grooming behaviors in both humans and animals, as animal models have the potential to elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and inform the treatment of these psychiatric conditions in humans.

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Phenomenology and Epidemiology of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0018 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Megan M. Kelly ◽

Katharine A. Phillips

Keyword(s):

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Repetitive Behaviors ◽

Clinical Settings ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Prevalence Data ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Bodily Appearance ◽

Excessive Grooming

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is an often severe DSM-IV disorder characterized by distressing or impairing preoccupations with imagined or slight defects in appearance. Individuals with BDD suffer from time-consuming obsessions about their bodily appearance and excessive repetitive behaviors (for example, mirror checking, excessive grooming, and skin picking). Functioning and quality of life are typically very poor, and suicidality rates appear markedly elevated. While prevalence data are still limited, they suggest that BDD affects 0.7% to 2.4% of the population; however, BDD typically goes unrecognized in clinical settings. In this chapter we discuss demographic and clinical features of BDD, prevalence, and morbidity. In addition, we discuss BDD’s relationship to obsessive compulsive disorder, hypochondriasis, and psychotic disorders.

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EMDR as therapy for conditions other than PTSD: a systematic review.

10.31234/osf.io/jyp4e ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Charles Scelles ◽

LUIS CARLO BULNES

Keyword(s):

Mood Disorders ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Treatment As Usual ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Adult Personality ◽

Post Traumatic ◽

Psychiatric Conditions ◽

Research Criteria ◽

Positive Effect

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a treatment for post-traumatic stressdisorder (PTSD). The technique is known to stimulate the capacity to reprocess maladaptive memoriesthat are thought to be central to this pathology. Here we investigate if EMDR therapy can be used in otherconditions than PTSD. We conducted a systematic literature search on PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science. Wesearched for published empirical findings on EMDR, excluding those centred on trauma and PTSD,published up to 2020. The results were classified by psychiatric categories. Ninety articles met our research criteria. A positive effect was reported in addictions, somatoformdisorders, sexual dysfunction, eating disorder, disorders of adult personality, mood disorders, reaction tosevere stress, anxiety disorders, performance anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), pain,neurodegenerative disorders, paedopsychiatry and sleep. The evidence was more consistent in pain, OCD,mood disorders, and reaction to severe stress.EMDR’s efficiency across numerous pathological situations, highlighted the central role of affectivememory in several psychiatric and non-psychiatric conditions. Furthermore, EMDR seems to besuccessful in usually uncooperative (e.g. Dementia) or unproductive cases (e.g. aphasia). Moreover, insome severe medical situations were psychologic distress was an obstacle, EMDR allowed thecontinuation of treatment-as-usual. Our review suggests that it is a safe and economical therapeuticoption, and its effect in non-pathological situations opens new avenues for translational research. Overallmore methodologically rigorous studies are needed.

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Animal Models for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Current Neuropharmacology ◽

10.2174/1570159043476792 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 169-181 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

J. Man ◽

A. Hudson ◽

D. Ashton ◽

D. Nutt

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

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Sex Differences in Anxiety Disorders

The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Endocrinology ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190649739.013.21 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 404-432

Author(s):

Teresa A. Piggott ◽

Alexandra N. Duran ◽

Isha Jalnapurkar ◽

Tyler Kimm ◽

Stephanie Linscheid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sex Differences ◽

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Anxiety Disorders ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Considerable Research ◽

Psychosocial Influences ◽

Psychiatric Conditions ◽

The Impact

Women are more likely than men to meet lifetime criteria for an anxiety disorder. Moreover, anxiety is a risk factor for the development of other psychiatric conditions, including major depression. Numerous studies have identified evidence of sex differences in anxiety disorders, and there is considerable research concerning factors that may contribute to vulnerability for anxiety in females. In addition to psychosocial influences, biological components such as the female reproductive hormone cycle have also been implicated. Although psychotropic medication is more likely to be prescribed to women, there is little controlled data available concerning sex differences in the efficacy and/or tolerability of pharmacotherapy in anxiety disorders. This chapter provides an overview of the impact of gender in the epidemiology, phenomenology, course, and treatment response in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic disorder (PD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

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Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852921000705 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-18

Author(s):

Long Long Chen ◽

Oskar Flygare ◽

John Wallert ◽

Jesper Enander ◽

Volen Z. Ivanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functioning ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

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Examining neurocognition in body dysmorphic disorder using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS): A comparison with obsessive-compulsive disorder

Psychiatry Research ◽

10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.094 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 228 (3) ◽

pp. 318-324 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Wei Lin Toh ◽

David J. Castle ◽

Susan L. Rossell

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Neuropsychological Status ◽

Repeatable Battery

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Compliance of community teams with specialist service recommendations for obsessive–compulsive and body dysmorphic disorders

BJPsych Bulletin ◽

10.1192/pb.bp.115.052530 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 245-248 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Paul M. Harris ◽

Lynne M. Drummond

Keyword(s):

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Previous Treatment ◽

Limited Resource ◽

Treatment Recommendations ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Post Discharge ◽

Specialist Service ◽

Compulsive Disorder ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorders

Aims and methodTo examine how often referring community mental health teams (CMHTs) utilised treatment recommendations made by the national highly specialised service for patients with severe obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). We analysed all patient notes for admissions to the unit (August 2012–August 2014) and recorded how many treatment recommendations were implemented by CMHTs prior to admission and at 6 months post-discharge.ResultsOverall, 66% of our recommendations were met by CMHTs prior to admission and 74% after discharge. Most recommendations concerned medication and the continued need for care coordination by the CMHT.Clinical implicationsA significant proportion of patients in our audit did not receive optimum treatment in the community as recommended by our service. As highly specialised services are a limited resource and these patients have not responded to previous treatment, this has implications for the use of such resources.

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Executive functioning in Body Dysmorphic Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

10.1101/2021.04.29.21256321 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Long Long Chen ◽

Oskar Flygare ◽

John Wallert ◽

Jesper Enander ◽

Volen Ivanov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Test Performance ◽

Symptom Severity ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Spatial Working Memory ◽

Clinical Severity ◽

Stop Signal Task ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Compulsive Disorder

Objective: To assess executive functions in patients with Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD) and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) compared with healthy controls. Methods: Adults diagnosed with BDD (n=26) or OCD (n=29) according to DSM-5, and healthy controls (n=28) underwent validated and computerized neuropsychological tests; spatial working memory (SWM), Intra- extra dimensional set shifting (IED) and Stop signal task (SST), from the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB). Test performance was compared between groups, and correlated to standardized symptom severity of BDD and OCD. Significance level was set to p<0.05. Results: There were no statistically significant between-group differences on key outcome measures in SWM, IED, or SST. There was a weak positive correlation between symptom severity and test errors on SWM and IED in both OCD and BDD groups; increased clinical severity were associated with more errors in these tests. Further, there was a negative correlation between symptom severity and SST in the BDD group. Conclusions: Patients with BDD or OCD did not differ from healthy control subjects in terms of test performance, however there were several statistically significant correlations between symptom severity and performance in those with BDD or OCD. More studies on EF in BDD and OCD are required to elucidate if there are differences in EF between these two disorders.

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The prevalence of autism spectrum traits and autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents with obsessive compulsive disorder: a systematic review

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2021.194 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (S1) ◽

pp. S56-S56

Author(s):

Claire Tiley ◽

Marinos Kyriakopoulos

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽

Functional Impairment ◽

Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽

Autism Spectrum ◽

Control Group ◽

Obsessive Compulsive ◽

Global Functioning ◽

Compulsive Disorder

AimsAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) commonly co-occur in children and adolescents (C&A); evidence suggests functional impairment is increased in those diagnosed with both disorders. The aims of this systematic review were: 1) To review studies that report on the prevalence of ASD traits and/or diagnosis in C&A with OCD. 2) To review whether the severity of OCD symptoms is related to the severity of ASD traits in C&A with OCD. 3)To review whether the severity of comorbid ASD traits or diagnosis in C&A with OCD impact on their global functioning.MethodThis systematic review was registered in PROSPERO. Prisma guidelines were followed . Electronic searches were carried out on Pubmed, EMBASE and Psychinfo with the use of selected keywords. Inclusion criteria : 1) Participants up to the age of 18 who had an ICD or DSM diagnosis of OCD. 2) Journal articles published in the English, with no date specifications. 3) Papers evaluating ASD diagnosis or traits, or where data on this could be extracted. Exclusion criteria: 1) Papers looking at OCD related disorders such as body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive skin picking, trichotillomania and hoarding disorder. 2) Samples including adults where C&A data could not be extracted. 3) Posters, abstracts and dissertations.ResultA total of 15 studies were included in the systematic review. Seven of these studies directly compared the prevalence of ASD traits (measured by questionnaires) or diagnosis in OCD to a control group or normative data, with all studies reporting a significant elevation in ASD trait scores and diagnosis in OCD. Ten of the studies reported on the correlation between ASD trait severity and OCD severity. Four studies identified a significant correlation between ASD and OCD total scores or specified subscales. In contrast, one study found significantly elevated OCD scores in an OCD only group when compared to a comorbid OCD and ASD group. Three studies reported on the correlation between ASD scores and functional impairment or compared an OCD only group to a comorbid group. All three studies demonstrated that the presence ASD or ASD traits are associated with elevated scores in global functional impairment.ConclusionIn conclusion, this review suggests that there is an increased prevalence of ASD traits and diagnosis amongst C&A with OCD. Elevated ASD traits within this population are associated with a greater impact on global functioning.

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