An approach to the formal specification of lingware

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-230
Author(s):  
BILEL GARGOURI ◽  
MOHAMED JMAIEL ◽  
ABDELMAJID BEN HAMADOU
Keyword(s):  
Formal Specification ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Unification Grammars ◽  
The One

This paper has two purposes. First, it suggests a formal approach for specifying and verifying lingware. This approach is based on a unified notation of the main existing formalisms for describing linguistic knowledge (i.e. Formal Grammars, Unification Grammars, HPSG, etc.) on the one hand, and the integration of data and processing on the other. Accordingly, a lingware specification includes all related aspects in a unified framework. This facilitates the development of a lingware system, since one has to follow a single development process instead of two separate ones. Secondly, it presents an environment for the formal specification of lingware, based on the suggested approach, which is neither restricted to a particular kind of application nor to a particular class of linguistic formalisms. This environment provides interfaces enabling the specification of both linguistic knowledge and functional aspects of a lingware system. Linguistic knowledge is specified with the usual grammatical formalisms, whereas functional aspects are specified with a suitable formal notation. Both descriptions will be integrated into the same framework to obtain a complete requirement specification that can be refined towards an executable program.

scholarly journals Language Policy and Planning: An Analysis of the Themes Present in Research in Brazil

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Socorro Cláudia Tavares de Sousa ◽  
Cynthia Israelly Barbalho Dionísio
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Language Policy And Planning ◽  
Language Policies ◽  
Academic Journals ◽  
Languages In Contact ◽  
International Trends ◽  
The One ◽  
Policy And Planning

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to present an overview of the themes discussed in the field of Language Policy and Planning over the last twenty-one years (1990-2010) in Brazil, comparing the alignment of Brazilian research with the international scenario. To that end, expanded notions of language policy were adopted (COOPER, 1989; SHIFFMAN, 1996, 2006; SPOLSKY, 2004, 2009, 2012) and a survey was carried out in order to find the number of articles in the field in a sample of abstracts from Brazilian academic journals of Linguistics and Literature. The main themes identified in this study were: educational language policies, language planning, languages in contact, diffusion of the Portuguese language, and (meta)linguistic knowledge and language policies. On the one hand, these themes show a convergence between Brazilian and international trends; however, on the other, they show a specific thematic trend in the former, that is, the interest in the constitution of (meta)linguistic knowledge in relation to language policy.

Comparative aspects of glycosyltransferases

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Breton ◽  
Helena Heissigerová ◽  
Charlotte Jeanneau ◽  
Jitka Moravcová ◽  
Anne Imberty
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Fold Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Conserved Motifs ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The One ◽  
Limited Sequence

Glycosyltransferases, the enzymes that build oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, have received much interest in recent years owing to their biological functions and their potential uses in biotechnology. Despite the fact that many glycosyltransferases recognize similar donor or acceptor substrates, there is surprisingly limited sequence identity between different classes. On the one hand, the glycosyltransferases are found in a large number of families, by sequence-based classification. On the other hand, only two structural folds have been identified among the fewer than one dozen glycosyltransferases that have been crystallized at present. Detection of conserved motifs that have a direct role in the functional aspects of glycosyltransferases is one approach for identifying remote similarity. With the availability of more crystal structures, the use of the fold-recognition approach is also very promising.

Formalization of MOF-Based Metamodels

2010 ◽  
pp. 49-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana María Favre
Keyword(s):  
Formal Specification ◽  
The Other ◽  
Model Transformations ◽  
Intended Meaning ◽  
Graphical View ◽  
Development Processes ◽  
Forward Engineering ◽  
The One ◽  
Specification Techniques ◽  
Object Oriented Languages

Formal and semiformal techniques can play complementary roles in MDA-based software development processes. We consider it beneficial for both semiformal and formal specification techniques. On the one hand, semiformal techniques lack a precise semantics; however, they have the ability to visualize language constructions, allowing a great difference in the productivity of the specification process, especially when the graphical view is supported by means of good tools. On the other hand, formal specification allows us to produce a precise and analyzable software specification and clarifies the intended meaning of metamodels, helps to validate model transformations, and provides reference for implementations; however, they require familiarity with formal notations that most designers and implementers do not currently have and the learning curve for the application of these techniques requires considerable time. A combination of metamodeling and formal specification techniques can help us to address MDAbased processes such as reverse engineering, forward engineering and round-trip engineering. In light of this, we propose to use the algebraic metamodeling language, called NEREUS which can be viewed as an intermediate notation. NEREUS can be integrated with different formal languages and object-oriented languages. It is particularly suited for specifying metamodels based on the concepts of entity, relation and system. Most of the MOF metamodel concepts can be mapped directly to NEREUS.

An introduction to numerical methods for stochastic differential equations

Acta Numerica ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 197-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhard Platen
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Analysis ◽  
Numerical Methods ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Stochastic Differential Equations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Weak Approximation ◽  
Approximation Methods ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Stochastic Nature ◽  
The One

This paper aims to give an overview and summary of numerical methods for the solution of stochastic differential equations. It covers discrete time strong and weak approximation methods that are suitable for different applications. A range of approaches and results is discussed within a unified framework. On the one hand, these methods can be interpreted as generalizing the well-developed theory on numerical analysis for deterministic ordinary differential equations. On the other hand they highlight the specific stochastic nature of the equations. In some cases these methods lead to completely new and challenging problems.

Codewisseling in een Nederlandse Gemeenschap in Brazilie

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Sarina Uilenberg
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The One

The present investigation was carried out in Holambra, a community of Dutch origin in Brazil. The goal was to analyze the codeswitching between Dutch and Portuguese practised by the immigrants in their everyday speech, taking into account both grammatical and functional aspects. Moreover, the codeswitching of the first and second generations were compared, focusing on the different motives, the size of switched constituents, and the type of codeswitching. Previous theories suggested a relationship between grammatical characteristics on the one hand, and functions of individual switches, attitudes towards the languages and communities involved, and language ability on the other hand. In this article, results of the three analyses are presented and the language use and codeswitching of the different generations in this community are described. The results show an intermediate generation consisting of the most balanced bilinguals, who codeswitch often and without difficulties, using the full range of both languages. The first and second generations, however, show less diversity in their codeswitching, mainly switching nouns. Finally, suggestions for future investigation are presented.

Some Aspects of the Procedural Situation of Minors Left Without Parental Care in Civil Proceedings

2021 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
E. V. Karpeeva
Keyword(s):  
Parental Care ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Further Development

The presented study addresses the problems of protecting the rights and interests of minors, including children left without parental care. The author analyzes the provisions of the current family and civil procedural legislation and identifies several problems in the legal regulation of the participation of minors in the consideration of cases affecting their interests. The author notes that a formal approach to the enforcement of the right of minors to be heard in court is unacceptable, justifies the need for further development of the concept of “conflict of interests” between custodians (guardians), custody and guardianship authorities on the one hand and minors on the other. The necessity of continuous professional legal support for a minor (representation on behalf of a minor) throughout the entire proceedings on the case is justified.

Epenthesis in Italian Sign Language

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Geraci
Keyword(s):  
American Sign Language ◽  
Sign Language ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
American Sign ◽  
General Phenomenon ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Neutral Space ◽  
The One ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of this study is to provide a detailed account for the phenomenon of movement epenthesis in Italian Sign Language (LIS). LIS displays at least two cases of epenthesis of movement, one affecting signs that involve contact with the body, the other affecting signs that do not (i.e. signs articulated in neutral space). The two cases of epenthesis of movement receive a unified analysis, once the mechanism of selection of the plane of articulation is spelled out. The general phenomenon of movement epenthesis is captured by a formal approach within a constraint-based framework, such as the one developed first for American Sign Language (ASL) in Brentari (1998). Cases of movement epenthesis in ASL will be discussed and compared to cases of LIS epenthesis

Protection and Symbolization Innovation of Manufacturing Process of Blue and White Porcelain

2012 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Jie Shao
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The One ◽  
White Porcelain

The development process of blue and white porcelains has always gone through continuous innovation and reformation. Up till now, the market has brought new requirements for the creation of blue-and-white. One the one hand, the traditional manufacturing process is a kind of cultural inheritance. It needs strict observation and protection as well as salvation. On the other hand, the evolution and development of the modern life and culture has as well brought urgent requirements for its symbolization innovation. It is based on the requirements of this kind of development that a brand new concept of blue-and-white is being formed gradually, which is more inclusive and broader.

The lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar: Theory, typology, description

Linguistics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Genee ◽  
Evelien Keizer ◽  
Daniel García Velasco
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Lexical Meaning ◽  
Grammatical Morphemes ◽  
Discourse Grammar ◽  
Language User ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

AbstractThis paper discusses the treatment of the lexicon in Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG) and serves to provide a general introduction to the theoretical framework and its formalizations, in particular for readers who may not be intimately familiar with it. After outlining the general architecture of the model, we discuss the position, content and function of the FDG lexicon in more detail. The FDG lexicon is often called the Fund, as it contains more than just a collection of lexemes. The Fund is conceived of as a storehouse containing all unpredictable linguistic knowledge in the form of various types of primitives. In addition to a lexicon proper this includes structural and grammatical primitives that feed the grammar, such as: pragmatic and semantic frames, functions and operators; morphosyntactic and phonological templates and operators; and suppletive forms. The “lexicon proper” contains grammatical morphemes and suppletive forms in addition to lexemes; the collection of frames and templates is sometimes called the “structicon”; and operators and functions constitute what may be called the “grammaticon”. The division of labor between the Fund and the Grammar is illustrated by showing how FDG treats lexeme, word and frame formation: lexeme formation is located in the Fund, word formation is located in the Grammar, and frame formation may be located in either, depending on the particular frame or the approach of the analyst. We then discuss the form and content of lexical entries. This has been a topic of some discussion recently, and several of the contributions to this special issue contain proposals in this area. The central question here is how best to capture the existence of common or even default associations between primitives at different levels of representation while still allowing for the occurrence of mismatches. Mismatches allow us to account for phenomena like coercion and other creative uses of the linguistic apparatus available to the language user. Next we address the construction of lexical meaning, showing where FDG draws the line between semantics on the one hand and pragmatics, contextual factors, and conceptualization on the other hand. Here again, different points of view coexist and several contributions contain proposals for how to represent lexical meaning. Our final section briefly introduces the other contributions to this special issue.

Trials and Tribulations

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-185
Author(s):  
Dean Spears ◽  
Radu Ban ◽  
Oliver Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Development Economics ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Health Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Hand Wash ◽  
Randomized Intervention ◽  
The One

This chapter introduces the WASH (Water Sanitation and Health) sector’s conversations about randomized intervention studies and draws lessons for development policy, more generally. Sanitation is a valuable case because, on the one hand, improving sanitation is widely recognized as a critical part of the development process, but, on the other hand, WASH interventions are often less well suited for randomized intervention evidence than other topics in health science or development economics. The chapter discusses a recent set of randomized trials which, far from definitively settling the important questions of rural sanitation policy, have renewed confusion and debate in the sector. Because even flawlessly designed and implemented sanitation interventions are likely to have different effects from one another and in different contexts, facts and theories from non-RCT sources are necessary (in addition to RCTs) to provide full and timely answers to sanitation policy questions. Finally, a case is made for the increased use of RCTs in the WASH sector where they might be more likely to help: to answer questions about behavior, rather than about health.

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