Comparative aspects of glycosyltransferases

2002 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 23-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christelle Breton ◽  
Helena Heissigerová ◽  
Charlotte Jeanneau ◽  
Jitka Moravcová ◽  
Anne Imberty
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Fold Recognition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Conserved Motifs ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The One ◽  
Limited Sequence

Glycosyltransferases, the enzymes that build oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates, have received much interest in recent years owing to their biological functions and their potential uses in biotechnology. Despite the fact that many glycosyltransferases recognize similar donor or acceptor substrates, there is surprisingly limited sequence identity between different classes. On the one hand, the glycosyltransferases are found in a large number of families, by sequence-based classification. On the other hand, only two structural folds have been identified among the fewer than one dozen glycosyltransferases that have been crystallized at present. Detection of conserved motifs that have a direct role in the functional aspects of glycosyltransferases is one approach for identifying remote similarity. With the availability of more crystal structures, the use of the fold-recognition approach is also very promising.

scholarly journals ARMC Subfamily: Structures, Functions, Evolutions, Interactions, and Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yutao Huang ◽  
Zijian Jiang ◽  
Xiangyu Gao ◽  
Peng Luo ◽  
Xiaofan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Cell Adhesion ◽  
Tandem Repeats ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Armadillo Repeat ◽  
The One ◽  
Similar Domain

Armadillo repeat-containing proteins (ARMCs) are widely distributed in eukaryotes and have important influences on cell adhesion, signal transduction, mitochondrial function regulation, tumorigenesis, and other processes. These proteins share a similar domain consisting of tandem repeats approximately 42 amino acids in length, and this domain constitutes a substantial platform for the binding between ARMCs and other proteins. An ARMC subfamily, including ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6, has received increasing attention. These proteins may have many terminal regions and play a critical role in various diseases. On the one hand, based on their similar central domain of tandem repeats, this ARMC subfamily may function similarly to other ARMCs. On the other hand, the unique domains on their terminals may cause these proteins to have different functions. Here, we focus on the ARMC subfamily (ARMC1∼10, ARMC12, and ARMCX1∼6), which is relatively conserved in vertebrates and highly conserved in mammals, particularly primates. We review the structures, biological functions, evolutions, interactions, and related diseases of the ARMC subfamily, which involve more than 30 diseases and 40 bypasses, including interactions and relationships between more than 100 proteins and signaling molecules. We look forward to obtaining a clearer understanding of the ARMC subfamily to facilitate further in-depth research and treatment of related diseases.

Supercooling of liquids

1952 ◽  
Vol 215 (1120) ◽  
pp. 43-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Recent Change ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Interpretation ◽  
Experimental Fact ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right ◽  
Complex Crystal

I shall concentrate upon reviewing the important recent change in our appreciation of the facts of supercooling which has been brought about particularly by the work of Turnbull at the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady. I suppose that most of us, talking about supercooling a couple of years ago, would have divided substances into two classes, one with simple crystal structures like gold, and all the other ‘good’ metals on the one hand, and those with complex crystal structures, such as glycerol and the silicates on the other; saying that whereas the latter class can be very much supercooled, and will form glasses, the former class can only be supercooled a very few degrees. Then we would have added that there are some ‘ bad ’ metals, with moderately complex crystal structures, such as antimony or bismuth, which can be supercooled some tens of degrees, forming an intermediate class. I think we would then have added that this is quite comprehensible. In particular, that the X-ray diffraction patterns of the monatomic liquids show us that most of the atoms have the right numbers of nearest neighbours in a first co-ordination shell, all ready in place to start the growth of a crystal; which readily explains why these substances cannot be supercooled very much—a nice simple experimental fact, with a straightforward theoretical interpretation—and both are wrong.

Mechanistic Investigations on Microbial Type I Terpene Synthases through Site-directed Mutagenesis

Synthesis ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houchao Xu ◽  
Jeroen Dickschat
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Site Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Terpene Synthase ◽  
Directed Mutagenesis ◽  
Type I ◽  
Terpene Synthases ◽  
Conserved Motifs ◽  
Sequence Identity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Mechanistic Investigations

During the past three decades many terpene synthases have been characterised from all kingdoms of life. The type I of these enzymes from bacteria, fungi and protists commonly exhibit several highly conserved motifs and single residues, and the available crystal structures show a shared -helical fold, while the overall sequence identity is generally low. Several enzymes have been studied by site-directed mutagenesis, giving valuable insights into terpene synthase catalysis and the intriguing mechanisms of terpene synthases. Some mutants are also preparatively useful and give higher yields than the wildtype or a different product that is otherwise difficult to access. The accumulated knowledge obtained from these studies is presented and discussed in this review.

Codewisseling in een Nederlandse Gemeenschap in Brazilie

1997 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
Sarina Uilenberg
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Language Ability ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The One

The present investigation was carried out in Holambra, a community of Dutch origin in Brazil. The goal was to analyze the codeswitching between Dutch and Portuguese practised by the immigrants in their everyday speech, taking into account both grammatical and functional aspects. Moreover, the codeswitching of the first and second generations were compared, focusing on the different motives, the size of switched constituents, and the type of codeswitching. Previous theories suggested a relationship between grammatical characteristics on the one hand, and functions of individual switches, attitudes towards the languages and communities involved, and language ability on the other hand. In this article, results of the three analyses are presented and the language use and codeswitching of the different generations in this community are described. The results show an intermediate generation consisting of the most balanced bilinguals, who codeswitch often and without difficulties, using the full range of both languages. The first and second generations, however, show less diversity in their codeswitching, mainly switching nouns. Finally, suggestions for future investigation are presented.

An approach to the formal specification of lingware

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-230
Author(s):  
BILEL GARGOURI ◽  
MOHAMED JMAIEL ◽  
ABDELMAJID BEN HAMADOU
Keyword(s):  
Formal Specification ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Unification Grammars ◽  
The One

This paper has two purposes. First, it suggests a formal approach for specifying and verifying lingware. This approach is based on a unified notation of the main existing formalisms for describing linguistic knowledge (i.e. Formal Grammars, Unification Grammars, HPSG, etc.) on the one hand, and the integration of data and processing on the other. Accordingly, a lingware specification includes all related aspects in a unified framework. This facilitates the development of a lingware system, since one has to follow a single development process instead of two separate ones. Secondly, it presents an environment for the formal specification of lingware, based on the suggested approach, which is neither restricted to a particular kind of application nor to a particular class of linguistic formalisms. This environment provides interfaces enabling the specification of both linguistic knowledge and functional aspects of a lingware system. Linguistic knowledge is specified with the usual grammatical formalisms, whereas functional aspects are specified with a suitable formal notation. Both descriptions will be integrated into the same framework to obtain a complete requirement specification that can be refined towards an executable program.

PRODUCTIVITY DECOMPOSITION AS A SCIENTIFIC METHOD OF SOLOW’S PARADOX STUDIES ON THE EXAMPLE OF POLISH AGRI-FOOD INDUSTRY

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (6) ◽  
pp. 96-103
Author(s):  
Piotr Jałowiecki
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Method ◽  
Food Industry ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Indicators ◽  
Productivity Paradox ◽  
Synthetic Indicators ◽  
Productivity Decomposition ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
The One

The paper presents the method of productivity decomposition consisting in the separate examination of its four functional aspects: performance, profitability, financial liquidity and debt level. As research tools, this method uses synthetic indicators describing the level of advancement of ICT and logistic solutions used, on the one hand, and financial indicators on the other in combination with correlation coefficients. The obtained results made it possible to verify the occurrence of Solow’s productivity paradox in the Polish food industry, pointing to the imperatives of its occurrence in various areas of productivity. null

Rationalization of the crystal structure of eudidymite Na2Be2[Si[4] 6O15]·H2O in light of the extended Zintl–Klemm concept

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-46
Author(s):  
Angel Vegas ◽  
H. Donald Brooke Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Complex Network ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structure Generation ◽  
New Approach ◽  
New Development ◽  
Valence Electrons ◽  
The One

The structure of eudidymite is described in light of the extended Zintl–Klemm concept which considers that Na and Be atoms transfer their six valence electrons to the six Si atoms, converting them into Ψ-P which forms a skeleton characteristic of pentels (Group 15 elements) and is similar to that described in the compound (NH4)2Ge[6][Ge[4] 6O15] when analysed in the same manner. The Si[4] skeleton is formed of bilayers that are connected through Be2O6 groups which are in fact fragments of the β-BeO structure which bridge the two contiguous Si-bilayers by sharing O atoms. In this context, the Be atoms play a dual role, i.e. on the one hand converting the Si atoms into Ψ-P, on the other hand replicating fragments of its own β-BeO structure. The Be atoms partially reproduce their own structure despite it being enclosed in a more complex network such as in Na2Be2[Si[4] 6O15]·H2O. Calculations of the ionic strength I considering Si as Ψ-P is energetically more favourable than when I is calculated on the basis of tetravalent Si in the silicate, justifying this new approach of developing the theory of pseudo-structure generation. This approach offers a major new development in the study of crystal structures.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

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