Trials and Tribulations

2020 ◽  
pp. 166-185
Author(s):  
Dean Spears ◽  
Radu Ban ◽  
Oliver Cumming
Keyword(s):  
Development Economics ◽  
Development Process ◽  
Intervention Studies ◽  
Health Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Critical Part ◽  
Hand Wash ◽  
Randomized Intervention ◽  
The One

This chapter introduces the WASH (Water Sanitation and Health) sector’s conversations about randomized intervention studies and draws lessons for development policy, more generally. Sanitation is a valuable case because, on the one hand, improving sanitation is widely recognized as a critical part of the development process, but, on the other hand, WASH interventions are often less well suited for randomized intervention evidence than other topics in health science or development economics. The chapter discusses a recent set of randomized trials which, far from definitively settling the important questions of rural sanitation policy, have renewed confusion and debate in the sector. Because even flawlessly designed and implemented sanitation interventions are likely to have different effects from one another and in different contexts, facts and theories from non-RCT sources are necessary (in addition to RCTs) to provide full and timely answers to sanitation policy questions. Finally, a case is made for the increased use of RCTs in the WASH sector where they might be more likely to help: to answer questions about behavior, rather than about health.

Bridging the Divide

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-14
Author(s):  
Yorghos Apostolopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factor ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Population Health ◽  
Health Science ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Shared Understanding ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The One ◽  
Complex Systems Science

This chapter contextualizes the volume and describes its organization. It begins by delving into the limitations of the prevailing reductionist paradigm in population health science and the need for a transition from a typically risk factor–based science to a science that recognizes the whole and relationships among parts of pressing population health problems. Next, it walks readers through distinctions between public and population health on the one hand and key concepts of complexity on the other, while offering a shared understanding of population health science and complex systems science. The chapter also lays out the design of and potential audiences for this book.

An approach to the formal specification of lingware

2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-230
Author(s):  
BILEL GARGOURI ◽  
MOHAMED JMAIEL ◽  
ABDELMAJID BEN HAMADOU
Keyword(s):  
Formal Specification ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Unified Framework ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
Unification Grammars ◽  
The One

This paper has two purposes. First, it suggests a formal approach for specifying and verifying lingware. This approach is based on a unified notation of the main existing formalisms for describing linguistic knowledge (i.e. Formal Grammars, Unification Grammars, HPSG, etc.) on the one hand, and the integration of data and processing on the other. Accordingly, a lingware specification includes all related aspects in a unified framework. This facilitates the development of a lingware system, since one has to follow a single development process instead of two separate ones. Secondly, it presents an environment for the formal specification of lingware, based on the suggested approach, which is neither restricted to a particular kind of application nor to a particular class of linguistic formalisms. This environment provides interfaces enabling the specification of both linguistic knowledge and functional aspects of a lingware system. Linguistic knowledge is specified with the usual grammatical formalisms, whereas functional aspects are specified with a suitable formal notation. Both descriptions will be integrated into the same framework to obtain a complete requirement specification that can be refined towards an executable program.

Protection and Symbolization Innovation of Manufacturing Process of Blue and White Porcelain

2012 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 430-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhu ◽  
Jie Shao
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cultural Inheritance ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Continuous Innovation ◽  
Evolution And Development ◽  
Traditional Manufacturing ◽  
The One ◽  
White Porcelain

The development process of blue and white porcelains has always gone through continuous innovation and reformation. Up till now, the market has brought new requirements for the creation of blue-and-white. One the one hand, the traditional manufacturing process is a kind of cultural inheritance. It needs strict observation and protection as well as salvation. On the other hand, the evolution and development of the modern life and culture has as well brought urgent requirements for its symbolization innovation. It is based on the requirements of this kind of development that a brand new concept of blue-and-white is being formed gradually, which is more inclusive and broader.

Algebraic implementation of abstract data types: a survey of concepts and new compositionality results

1996 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Orejas ◽  
Marisa Navarro ◽  
Ana Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Software Development ◽  
Programming Language ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Software Development Process ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Formal Framework ◽  
Abstract Data ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
The One

In this paper we try to shed some light on the similarities and differences in the different approaches denning the notions of implementation and implementation correctness. For obvious reasons, we do not discuss all existing approaches individually. Instead, a formal framework is introduced in order to discuss the most important ones. Additionally, we discuss some issues, which in our opinion are often misunderstood, concerning transitivity of implementation correctness and its role in the software development process. In particular, on the one hand, we show that for reasonable notions of implementation, it is almost impossible to prove transitivity of implementation correctness at the specification level. On the other hand, we show that this is not really important if the programming language satisfies the properties of horizontal and vertical composition.

scholarly journals The role of culture in the regional development process. Sibiu - European Capital of Culture 2007

2015 ◽  
pp. 135-153
Author(s):  
Alina Stoica ◽  
Florentina Chirodea
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Regional Development ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Recovery ◽  
European Capital Of Culture ◽  
International Profile ◽  
The One ◽  
The City

In the recent years, an increased interest in the use of culture as an instrument of politics and economics has expanded and influenced regional development. This paper aims to highlight the ability of culture to generate wealth for the community, on the one hand, and on the other as a catalyst for sustainable economic recovery by developing innovative and creative sectors based on arts activities. We will, however, single out the city of Sibiu and implicitly the “European Capital of Culture”, city that aims to highlight the richness and diversity of cultures in Europe, the contribution of culture to urban development, the increasing international profile of cities and a better image in the eyes of the inhabitants.http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/1647-6336_12_8

THE ORGANISATION OF EXTERNAL RESOURCES THROUGH GUEST ENGINEERS

1999 ◽  
Vol 03 (01) ◽  
pp. 27-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIGEL SLACK ◽  
DAVID TWIGG
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Role Design ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The One

This paper describes exploratory research which investigates the scope, nature, role and activities of guest engineers. Guest engineers are an inter-firm organisational mechanism which is usually deployed as a compromise between the total outsourcing of design on the one hand, and the total in-house development of products on the other. A classification of guest engineers is presented based on their permanent (or semi-permanent) location and the main focus of their engineering expertise. Four types of guest engineer are identified — the pure form of which is termed the guest design engineer (GDE). Suppliers of GDEs, together with their hosts, are examined to identify their most significant activities and tasks. These are divided into clusters of similar activities which are assessed according to their relative importance and relative performance. Differences are found between suppliers' and customers' perceptions of both the importance and performance of each of these cluster activities. In addition, three sets of significant role design decisions are identified: the scheduling of GDEs; the nature of the required skills; and the direct activities of GDEs during the development process itself.

scholarly journals The Methodical Principles of Child's Speech Development Curriculum

wisdom ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Marianna AMIRAGHYAN
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Organization ◽  
Educational Curriculum ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Methodological Principles ◽  
The One

In the article child’s speech development process is observed, which, on the one hand, assumes the accounting of not only didactic, but also methodological principles, which let the preschool pedagogue choose appropriate means for speech development. On the other hand, the basis of the organization of speech development process is the preschool educational curriculum, where the volume of speech abilities and skills, the demands for different aged-groups are defined. But child’s speech development peculiarities and regularities should be taken into consideration, when the choice of self-realization and self-organization methods, ways and means of child’s speech becomes urgent.

scholarly journals A Case Study on Rural E-commerce of selenium-rich Tea in Ziyang County

2021 ◽  
Vol 235 ◽  
pp. 03044
Author(s):  
Junna Sun ◽  
Hongzhen Lei
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Development Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Remote Location ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Feasible Path ◽  
The One

Ziyang County of Ankang city is one of the poor counties in Shaanxi Province. Due to the remote location and inconvenient transportation, it has not been able to remove the hat of the poor county. The birth of e-commerce has provided Ziyang County that can be have a concrete and feasible path of the development for poverty alleviation. On the one hand, e-commerce poverty alleviation has its unique significance and advantages. On the other hand, e-commerce development is limited by specific conditions and resources, so there are many difficulties in the development process. Taking the e-commerce development of selenium-rich tea in Ziyang County as an example, the problems encountered by e-commerce in the development of poor areas are hoped to find out in this paper, and then countermeasures are provided to solve the problems.

scholarly journals Algeria between two attempts for development: conditions of success and reasons for failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (113) ◽  
pp. 426-444
Author(s):  
عبد الرحمن تومي
Keyword(s):  
Development Process ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Social Reality ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
The Other ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Diversity ◽  
The One

Two attempts for development, which the Algerian state wanted to eliminate all the remnants of the French destruction, poverty, ignorance, diseases and deprivation of the most basic necessities of life, and worked hard to be a state that has a place in the ranks of the emerging countries at least, because of what God gave it from materials, financial resources and geostrategic location, which is less  in the world, for its geographical area, its natural diversity, advanced ranking in terms of its most important resources, and history of struggle, which became a model for many countries that have taken their independence. The development process, which has been more than half a century, has been considered as the independence of 1962 and the economic and social reality that it is living today. These fundamental reasons are2 sufficient to provoke us by presenting the problem of research on study to determine the conditions for the success of development on the one hand, and the reasons for failure on the other

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

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