Robust design of multiscale programs to reduce deforestation

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDREA CATTANEO
Keyword(s):  
Robust Design ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Error Component ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Business As Usual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Environmental Outcome

ABSTRACTA framework is provided for structuring programs aimed at reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD). Crediting reference levels and the coordination among different implementing entities at multiple geographic scales are discussed. A crediting reference level has an error component if it differs from the business-as-usual (BAU) without REDD. Both the BAU emissions and the impact of REDD actions are uncertain, implying that participating in REDD entails stakeholder risk, the distribution of which depends on REDD program design. To categorize REDD architectures we definescale-neutralitywhereby, for a given REDD design, crediting relative to the reference level at a given scale is not affected by errors in reference levels at scales below it. Sufficient conditions are derived for scale-neutrality to hold. A Brazilian Amazon example is provided, comparing potential REDD architectures, and highlighting how a cap-and-trade approach may match the environmental outcome obtainable with perfect foresight of the BAU emissions.

Reference Levels of the Tumor Markers Carcinoembryonic Antigen, the Carbohydrate Antigens 19-9 and 72-4, and Cytokeratin Fragment 19 Using the ®Elecsys Relecsys 1010 Analyzer in a Normal Population in Kuwait. The Importance of the Determination of Local Reference Levels

2002 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.I. Behbehani ◽  
A. Mathew ◽  
M. Farghaly ◽  
A. van Dalen
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Markers ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Tumour Marker ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Local Reference ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Impact

The tumor markers CEA, CA 19-9, CA 72-4 and CYFRA 21-1 were analyzed in a group of apparently healthy subjects (n=232) in Kuwait using the ®Elecsys Relecsys 1010 analyzer. The distribution of the tumour marker levels was analyzed separately in Kuwaitis (n=103), non-Kuwaitis (n=129), smokers (n=68), non-smokers (n=164), males (n=138) and females (n=94). The distribution of CEA was significantly different in Kuwaitis vs. non-Kuwaitis in the total population (p=0.033) and in non-smokers (p=0.049); in males vs. females in the total population (p<0.0001) and in non-smokers (p=0.0002); and in smokers vs. non-smokers in the total population (p<0.0001) using the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. None of the other tumour markers showed significant differences in the subgroups. The upper reference level was defined as the 95th percentile of the normal values in each group. A higher reference level of CEA was observed in smokers (vs. non-smokers) in the total population. Also higher reference levels of CEA were observed in males (vs. females) both in the total population and in non-smokers. In the total population the respective reference levels were: CEA: 4.4 μg/L, CA 19-9: 35 kU/L, CA 72.4: 2.4 kU/L, and CYFRA 21.1: 2.1 μg/L. These results were compared with data in the kit inserts and literature data. The impact of 95th percentiles in a local heterogeneous population is discussed.

Population dynamics driven by truncated stable processes with Markovian switching

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 505-522
Author(s):  
Zhenzhong Zhang ◽  
Jinying Tong ◽  
Qingting Meng ◽  
You Liang
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Markovian Switching ◽  
Stable Processes ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWe focus on the population dynamics driven by two classes of truncated $\alpha$-stable processes with Markovian switching. Almost necessary and sufficient conditions for the ergodicity of the proposed models are provided. Also, these results illustrate the impact on ergodicity and extinct conditions as the parameter $\alpha$ tends to 2.

scholarly journals Surgical Site Infection Following Caesarean Section by Acinetobacter Species: A Report from a Hyperendemic Setting in the Brazilian Amazon Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 743
Author(s):  
Blenda Gonçalves Cabral ◽  
Danielle Murici Brasiliense ◽  
Ismari Perini Furlaneto ◽  
Yan Corrêa Rodrigues ◽  
Karla Valéria Batista Lima
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Acinetobacter Species ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region ◽  
Acinetobacter Spp ◽  
The Impact

Surgical site infection (SSI) following caesarean section is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and significant health care costs. This study evaluated the epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological features of Acinetobacter spp. in women with SSIs who have undergone caesarean section at a referral hospital in the Brazilian Amazon region. This study included 69 women with post-caesarean SSI by Acinetobacter spp. admitted to the hospital between January 2012 and May 2015. The 69 Acinetobacter isolates were subjected to molecular species identification, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, detection of carbapenemase-encoding genes, and genotyping. The main complications of post-caesarean SSI by Acinetobacter were inadequate and prolonged antibiotic therapy, sepsis, prolonged hospitalization, and re-suture procedures. A. baumannii, A. nosocomialis and A. colistiniresistens species were identified among the isolates. Carbapenem resistance was associated with OXA-23-producing A. baumannii isolates and IMP-1-producing A. nosocomialis isolate. Patients with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection showed worse clinical courses. Dissemination of persistent epidemic clones was observed, and the main clonal complexes (CC) for A. baumannii were CC231 and CC236 (Oxford scheme) and CC1 and CC15 (Pasteur scheme). This is the first report of a long-term Acinetobacter spp. outbreak in women who underwent caesarean section at a Brazilian hospital. This study demonstrates the impact of multidrug resistance on the clinical course of post-caesarean infections.

Carbon loss from forest degradation exceeds that from deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuanwei Qin ◽  
Xiangming Xiao ◽  
Jean-Pierre Wigneron ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Martin Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Carbon Loss

scholarly journals The association between a conditional cash transfer programme and malaria incidence: a longitudinal ecological study in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2015

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Layana Costa Alves ◽  
Mauro Niskier Sanchez ◽  
Thomas Hone ◽  
Luiz Felipe Pinto ◽  
Joilda Silva Nery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Conditional Cash Transfer ◽  
Cash Transfer ◽  
Percentage Point Increase ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Malaria causes 400 thousand deaths worldwide annually. In 2018, 25% (187,693) of the total malaria cases in the Americas were in Brazil, with nearly all (99%) Brazilian cases in the Amazon region. The Bolsa Família Programme (BFP) is a conditional cash transfer (CCT) programme launched in 2003 to reduce poverty and has led to improvements in health outcomes. CCT programmes may reduce the burden of malaria by alleviating poverty and by promoting access to healthcare, however this relationship is underexplored. This study investigated the association between BFP coverage and malaria incidence in Brazil. Methods A longitudinal panel study was conducted of 807 municipalities in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2015. Negative binomial regression models adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic covariates and time trends were employed with fixed effects specifications. Results A one percentage point increase in municipal BFP coverage was associated with a 0.3% decrease in the incidence of malaria (RR = 0.997; 95% CI = 0.994–0.998). The average municipal BFP coverage increased 24 percentage points over the period 2004–2015 corresponding to be a reduction of 7.2% in the malaria incidence. Conclusions Higher coverage of the BFP was associated with a reduction in the incidence of malaria. CCT programmes should be encouraged in endemic regions for malaria in order to mitigate the impact of disease and poverty itself in these settings.

scholarly journals Inadequate management of natural ecosystem in the Brazilian Amazon region results in the emergence and reemergence of arboviruses

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (suppl) ◽  
pp. S155-S164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro F. C. Vasconcelos ◽  
Amélia P. A. Travassos da Rosa ◽  
Sueli G. Rodrigues ◽  
Elizabeth S. Travassos da Rosa ◽  
Nicolas Dégallier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Amazon Region ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Brazilian Amazon Region ◽  
Mining Dam ◽  
The Impact

A total of 187 different species of arboviruses and other viruses in vertebrates were identified at the Evandro Chagas Institute (IEC) from 1954 to 1998, among more than 10,000 arbovirus strains isolated from humans, hematophagous insects, and wild and sentinel vertebrates. Despite intensive studies in the Brazilian Amazon region, especially in Pará State, very little is known about most of these viruses, except for information on date, time, source, and method of isolation, as well as their capacity to infect laboratory animals. This paper reviews ecological and epidemiological data and analyzes the impact of vector and host population changes on various viruses as a result of profound changes in the natural environment. Deforestation, mining, dam and highway construction, human colonization, and urbanization were the main manmade environmental changes associated with the emergence and/or reemergence of relevant arboviruses, including some known pathogens for humans.

scholarly journals NonlinearL2-Gain Analysis of Hybrid Systems in the Presence of Sliding Modes and Impacts

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Osuna ◽  
O. E. Montano ◽  
Y. Orlov
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Disturbance Attenuation ◽  
Sliding Modes ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Attenuation Level ◽  
Disturbance Factor ◽  
Disturbance Attenuation Level ◽  
The Impact

TheL2-gain analysis is extended towards hybrid mechanical systems, operating under unilateral constraints and admitting both sliding modes and collision phenomena. Sufficient conditions for such a system to be internally asymptotically stable and to possessL2-gain less than ana priorigiven disturbance attenuation level are derived in terms of two independent inequalities which are imposed on continuous-time dynamics and on discrete disturbance factor that occurs at the collision time instants. The former inequality may be viewed as the Hamilton-Jacobi inequality for discontinuous vector fields, and it is separately specified beyond and along sliding modes, which occur in the system between collisions. Thus interpreted, the former inequality should impose the desired integral input-to-state stability (iISS) property on the Filippov dynamics between collisions whereas the latter inequality is invoked to ensure that the impact dynamics (when the state trajectory hits the unilateral constraint) are input-to-state stable (ISS). These inequalities, being coupled together, form the constructive procedure, effectiveness of which is supported by the numerical study made for an impacting double integrator, driven by a sliding mode controller. Desired disturbance attenuation level is shown to satisfactorily be achieved under external disturbances during the collision-free phase and in the presence of uncertainties in the transition phase.

Justification of Remediation Criteria of Uranium Legacy Sites

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 54-57
Author(s):  
A. Titov ◽  
N. Shandala ◽  
Yu. Bel'skih ◽  
D. Isaev ◽  
M. Semenova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Annual Effective Dose ◽  
Uranium Mining ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Reference Level ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Reference Levels ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Safety Standards

Purpose: To present approaches to establishing the criteria for remediation of sites contaminated due to past activities of uranium mining and milling facilities. These facilities are considered today as uranium legacy. Results: This paper presents the justified reference levels expressed in terms of annual effective dose values, which are recommended for using as remediation criteria for sites contaminated due to past activities of uranium mining and milling facilities (uranium legacy sites). Depending on further use of the sites after remediation, these criteria range from 1 µSv/year, in case of temporary presence of the population, to 10 µSv/year, in case of permanent residence of the population and conducting economic activities. Conclusions: In accordance with the international basic safety standards, accepted more than 10 years ago, exposure situations from radioactive material retained from previous activities refer to the existing exposure situation. Nevertheless, neither Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population” nor Radiation Safety Standards have so far introduced terms “existing exposure situation” covering exposure at nuclear and uranium legacy sites and “reference level”, which is used to assure radiation safety of the population living at legacy sites or using these sites for the purpose of the economic activities.

scholarly journals The impact of globalization on transport investment

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 ◽  
pp. 11002
Author(s):  
Florin Dobre ◽  
Valentin Pauna ◽  
Alexandru Cristian Vasilescu ◽  
Ovidiu Andrei Cristian Buzoianu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Impact ◽  
Public Funding ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
European Level ◽  
Gradual Development ◽  
The Impact

Research background: The economic impact of investing in new transport capacity or improving existing ones is complex and often indirect. Loans for infrastructure are often needed, but they cannot create sufficient conditions for economic growth. Investments in transport infrastructure require public funding. An assessment of their cost-effectiveness is needed to ensure a reasonable and acceptable allocation. Relevant economic, environmental and social effects must be taken into account. There is a growing concern in the transport sector about decisions on the development of the transport system and the effects of scale and externalities they produce. Planners and decision-makers need to know more about the wider economic impact of individual infrastructure projects and transport policies in general. Purpose of the article: This paper aims to present the most important theoretical and practical aspects of the importance of transport investment worldwide, at European level and Romania. Investments in transport infrastructure will not improve the economic vitality of a region unless it has sufficient economic capacity and employment, land use and economic development policies. Methods: This article starts from the hypothesis of the influence of globalization on the development of transport systems in general and applies as a case study on Romania. The paper was based on the analysis of transport legislation, as well as data sets for the period 2011-2019, to observe the gradual development of all types of transport. Findings & Value added: Following these researches, the link between globalization and investments in transport systems was found by emphasizing accessibility to new infrastructures, new horizons and development plans for the main types of transport, which is a key element in economic activity. The main results were disseminated throughout the article and it adds value through the analysis created at global and regional level (at European level) and the interpretation of statistical data related to transport investments.

scholarly journals The analysis of landslide vulnerability level distribution in the Labuhanbatu Utara Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 912 (1) ◽  
pp. 012063
Author(s):  
A S Thoha ◽  
B Slamet ◽  
M M Harahap ◽  
T Y Sari ◽  
D L N Hulu
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Forest Degradation ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Community Activities ◽  
Steep Slopes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

Abstract Forest degradation can increase the level of disaster risk, particularly landslides. The impact of landslides, especially in Labuhanbatu Utara Regency, North Sumatera Province, socio-economic, physical and environmental losses that are directly perceived by the community in the disaster site. The study objective was to analyze the distribution of landslide vulnerability levels in the Labuhanbatu Utara Regency. The spatial distribution of landslide vulnerability level used spatial modeling with the Storie Index method with four variables, including rainfall, slope, soil type, and land cover type. The spatial distribution of landslide vulnerability level was mostly at a very low – low level with a percentage of 57.6% of the area of Labuhanbatu Utara Regency. Areas that occupied high – very high of landslide vulnerability level with the largest area were in three districts, including Na IX-X, Aek Natas, and Kualuh Selatan. Landslide prone areas are generally located on plantation and agricultural land use and also distribute on steep slopes. Various parties need to reorganize community activities in areas of high – very high landslide vulnerability to reduce disaster risk.

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