Reading authentic texts: What counts as cognate?

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 637-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAURA WINTHER BALLING
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Authentic Texts ◽  
Bilingual Lexicon ◽  
Word Predictability ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Communicative Context ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Selective Access

Most research on cognates has focused on words presented in isolation that are easily defined as cognate between L1 and L2. In contrast, this study investigates what counts as cognate in authentic texts and how such cognates are read. Participants with L1 Danish read news articles in their highly proficient L2, English, while their eye-movements were monitored. The experiment shows a cognate advantage for morphologically simple words, but only when cognateness is defined relative to translation equivalents that are appropriate in the context. For morphologically complex words, a cognate disadvantage is observed which may be due to problems of integrating cognate with non-cognate morphemes. The results show that fast non-selective access to the bilingual lexicon is conditioned by the communicative context. Importantly, a range of variables are statistically controlled in the regression analyses, including word predictability indexed by the conditional probability of each word.

Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 260-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerardo Fernández ◽  
Diego E. Shalom ◽  
Reinhold Kliegl ◽  
Mariano Sigman
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Word Predictability ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

The processing of blend words in naming and sentence reading

2018 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 847-857
Author(s):  
Rebecca L Johnson ◽  
Sarah Rose Slate ◽  
Allison R Teevan ◽  
Barbara J Juhasz
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Naming Task ◽  
Compound Words ◽  
Processing Times ◽  
Sentence Reading ◽  
Word Familiarity ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Research exploring the processing of morphologically complex words, such as compound words, has found that they are decomposed into their constituent parts during processing. Although much is known about the processing of compound words, very little is known about the processing of lexicalised blend words, which are created from parts of two words, often with phoneme overlap (e.g., brunch). In the current study, blends were matched with non-blend words on a variety of lexical characteristics, and blend processing was examined using two tasks: a naming task and an eye-tracking task that recorded eye movements during reading. Results showed that blend words were processed more slowly than non-blend control words in both tasks. Blend words led to longer reaction times in naming and longer processing times on several eye movement measures compared to non-blend words. This was especially true for blends that were long, rated low in word familiarity, but were easily recognisable as blends.

scholarly journals A cognitive load delays predictive eye movements similarly during L1 and L2 comprehension

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
AINE ITO ◽  
MARTIN CORLEY ◽  
MARTIN J. PICKERING
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Memory Task ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Cognitive Resources ◽  
Visual World ◽  
L1 And L2

We used the visual world eye-tracking paradigm to investigate the effects of cognitive load on predictive eye movements in L1 (Experiment 1) and L2 (Experiment 2) speakers. Participants listened to sentences whose verb was predictive or non-predictive towards one of four objects they were viewing. They then clicked on a mentioned object. Half the participants additionally performed a working memory task of remembering words. Both L1 and L2 speakers looked more at the target object predictively in predictable- than in non-predictable sentences when they performed the listen-and-click task only. However, this predictability effect was delayed in those who performed the concurrent memory task. This pattern of results was similar in L1 and L2 speakers. L1 and L2 speakers make predictions, but cognitive resources are required for making predictive eye movements. The findings are compatible with the claim that L2 speakers use the same mechanisms as L1 speakers to make predictions.

scholarly journals Morphologically complex words in L1 and L2 processing: Evidence from masked priming experiments in English

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
RENITA SILVA ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
Striking Contrast

This paper reports results from masked priming experiments investigating regular past-tense forms and deadjectival nominalizations with -ness and -ity in adult native (L1) speakers of English and in different groups of advanced adult second language (L2) learners of English. While the L1 group showed efficient priming for both inflected and derived word forms, the L2 learners demonstrated repetition-priming effects (like the L1 group), but no priming for inflected and reduced priming for derived word forms. We argue that this striking contrast between L1 and L2 processing supports the view that adult L2 learners rely more on lexical storage and less on combinatorial processing of morphologically complex words than native speakers.

scholarly journals Effects of word predictability on eye movements during Arabic reading

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam A. AlJassmi ◽  
Kayleigh L. Warrington ◽  
Victoria A. McGowan ◽  
Sarah J. White ◽  
Kevin B. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Writing Systems ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Varying Length ◽  
Word Predictability ◽  
Word Skipping ◽  
Alphabetic Writing

AbstractContextual predictability influences both the probability and duration of eye fixations on words when reading Latinate alphabetic scripts like English and German. However, it is unknown whether word predictability influences eye movements in reading similarly for Semitic languages like Arabic, which are alphabetic languages with very different visual and linguistic characteristics. Such knowledge is nevertheless important for establishing the generality of mechanisms of eye-movement control across different alphabetic writing systems. Accordingly, we investigated word predictability effects in Arabic in two eye-movement experiments. Both produced shorter fixation times for words with high compared to low predictability, consistent with previous findings. Predictability did not influence skipping probabilities for (four- to eight-letter) words of varying length and morphological complexity (Experiment 1). However, it did for short (three- to four-letter) words with simpler structures (Experiment 2). We suggest that word-skipping is reduced, and affected less by contextual predictability, in Arabic compared to Latinate alphabetic reading, because of specific orthographic and morphological characteristics of the Arabic script.

Eye Movements in Search and Target Acquisition

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (19) ◽  
pp. 1305-1309
Author(s):  
Deborah P. Birkmire ◽  
Robert Karsh ◽  
B. Diane Barnette ◽  
Ramakrishna Pillalamarri ◽  
Samantha DiBastiani
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Target Acquisition ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Video Images ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Fixation Durations ◽  
Acquisition Task ◽  
Global And Local ◽  
Different Levels

The frequency distribution of eye fixations and fixation durations during a search and target acquisition task was examined to determine if the allocation of visual attention was related to target, scene, and/or observer characteristics. Ninety computer-generated scenes simulating infrared imagery and containing different levels of clutter and zero, one, two, or three targets were produced. Targets were embedded in these scenes counterbalancing for range and position. Global and local clutter were measured using both statistical variance and probability of edge metrics. Thirty-three aviators, tankers, and infantry soldiers were shown still video images of the 90 scenes and were instructed to search for targets. Results of multiple regression analyses of global clutter, local clutter, range, number of targets, target dimensions, target complexity, and group membershi on eye fixations and fixation durations are given and discussed in terms of search strategies.

scholarly journals Do standard optometric measures predict binocular coordination during reading?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joëlle Joss ◽  
Stephanie Jainta
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Dynamic Parameter ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Fixation Disparity ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Binocular Coordination

In reading, binocular eye movements are required for optimal visual processing and thus, in case of asthenopia or reading problems, standard orthoptic and optometric routines check individual binocular vision by a variety of tests. The present study therefore examines the predictive value of such standard measures of heterophoria, accommodative and vergence facility, AC/A-ratio, NPC and symptoms for binocular coordination parameters during reading. Binocular eye movements were recorded (EyeLink II) for 65 volunteers during a typical reading task and linear regression analyses related all parameters of binocular coordination to all above-mentioned optometric measures: while saccade disconjugacy was weakly predicted by vergence facility (15% explained variance), vergence facility, AC/A and symptoms scores predicted vergence drift (31%). Heterophoria, vergence facility and NPC explained 31% of fixation disparity and first fixation duration showed minor relations to symptoms (18%). In sum, we found only weak to moderate relationships, with expected, selective associations: dynamic parameter related to optometric tests addressing vergence dynamics, whereas the static parameter (fixation disparity) related mainly to heterophoria. Most surprisingly, symptoms were only loosely related to vergence drift and fixation duration, reflecting associations to a dynamic aspect of binocular eye movements in reading and potentially non-specific, overall but slight reading deficiency. Thus, the efficiency of optometric tests to predict binocular coordination during reading was low – questioning a simple, straightforward extrapolation of such test results to an overlearned, complex task.

scholarly journals Persistent differences between native speakers and late bilinguals: Evidence from inflectional and derivational processing in older speakers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 425-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
JANA REIFEGERSTE ◽  
KIRILL ELIN ◽  
HARALD CLAHSEN
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Complex Words ◽  
L1 And L2

Previous research with younger adults has revealed differences between native (L1) and non-native late-bilingual (L2) speakers with respect to how morphologically complex words are processed. This study examines whether these L1/L2 differences persist into old age. We tested masked-priming effects for derived and inflected word forms in older L1 and L2 speakers of German and compared them to results from younger L1 and L2 speakers on the same experiment (mean ages: 62 vs. 24). We found longer overall response times paired with better accuracy scores for older (L1 and L2) participants than for younger participants. The priming patterns, however, were not affected by chronological age. While both L1 and L2 speakers showed derivational priming, only the L1 speakers demonstrated inflectional priming. We argue that general performance in both L1 and L2 is affected by aging, but that the more profound differences between native and non-native processing persist into old age.

scholarly journals Reading Text When Studying in a Second Language: An Eye-Tracking Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Dirix ◽  
Heleen Vander Beken ◽  
Ellen De Bruyne ◽  
Marc Brysbaert ◽  
Wouter Duyck
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Expository Text ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Study Condition ◽  
Reading Condition ◽  
Reading Text ◽  
L1 And L2 ◽  
True False

We investigated how eye movements are influenced by different reading goals in participants' first (L1) and second language (L2). Participants read or studied the contents of texts while their eye movements were recorded. One group was asked to read L1 and L2 texts as they would read any expository text (informational reading). Another group was asked to study L1 and L2 texts for subsequent tests involving true/false questions (study condition). After reading, all participants, including those in the informational reading condition, completed the true/false tests without being able to further consult the texts, which allowed us to investigate the extent to which reading goal and text language affect recognition memory for texts. In general, more reading time was spent on studying than on informational reading, which also resulted in higher test scores in the study condition. The L2-processing cost was larger in the study condition than in the informational reading condition: Participants needed approximately 20% more time to study L2 texts. The results of various eye movement measures suggest that this is caused by slower word recognition processes and a smaller amount of information that can be processed simultaneously in L2. This was true not only for the first reading of the text but also for the rereadings in the study condition. Interestingly, the additional time for L2 studying seemed to compensate for the less efficient processing, as the recognition test scores were the same in L2 as in L1.

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