Seeing the World From Others’ Perspective: 14-Month-Olds Show Altercentric Modulation Effects by Others’ Beliefs

Humans have a propensity to readily adopt others’ perspective, which often influences their behavior even when it seemingly should not. This altercentric influence has been widely studied in adults, yet we lack an understanding of its ontogenetic origins. The current studies investigated whether 14-month-olds’ search in a box for potential objects is modulated by another person’s belief about the box’s content. We varied the person’s potential belief such that in her presence/absence an object was removed, added, or exchanged for another, leading to her true/false belief about the object’s presence (Experiment 1, n = 96); or transformed into another object, leading to her true/false belief about the object’s identity (i.e., the objects represented under a specific aspect, Experiment 2, n = 32). Infants searched longer if the other person believed that an object remained in the box, showing an altercentric influence early in development. These results suggest that infants spontaneously represent others’ beliefs involving multiple objects and raise the possibility that infants can appreciate that others encode the world under a unique aspect.

Normative study of 500 general-knowledge for true-false questions in Russian

In this report we present Russian norms for 500 general knowledge questions in True-False format. The questions cover the topics of Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, Culture and Sports. For each of the questions we report accuracy and confidence.

Data with Non-Euclidean Geometry and its Characterization

Recently, dealing the Non-Euclidean data and its characterization is considered as one of the major issues by researchers. The first problem arises while distinction of among Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometry. The second problem arises with dealing the Non-Euclidean geometry in true, false and uncertain regions. The third problem arises while investigating some pattern in Non-Euclidean data sets. This paper focused on tackling these issues with some real life examples.

The understanding of refers and trainers of basketball game rules

The background of this research is that there are still some basketball referees and coaches whose level of understanding is still lacking in the rules of the basketball game, seen during the game process, there are often debates between coaches and referees. The purpose of this study was to see the differences in the understanding of referees and basketball coaches throughout Riau on the rules in basketball games. This type of research is a comparative descriptive research, namely research that compares two different variables. The method used in this study is a survey method and data collection techniques using true-false tests. The population in this study were referees and coaches throughout Riau. The research sample was taken using a random sampling technique, totaling 25 trainers and 16 referees who were active throughout Riau Province. The results of this study obtained a sig value of 0.141 (p>0.05). So it can be concluded if there is no difference in the understanding of the referees and basketball coaches in Riau on basketball rules. If in hypothesis 1 it is said that there is no difference in understanding because the sig results obtained are p> 0.05. This happened because the average understanding of the coach and referee were both in the medium category. Research contributes to education, especially in the basketball branch, where this research can be known and understood by referees and coaches, so that in a basketball game a conducive game will be created.

Problematising Testimony in Autobiographical Narratives by Dalit Women in the English Translation

Dalit autobiographical narratives are widely and habitually being categorised by critics as testimonios or sociobiographies, with an implication to be understood as representative life-stories. Because of the genre’s perceived emphasis on ‘authenticity’, ‘representation of collective suffering’, and immanent connotations of being a political genre of speech for the marginalised, scholars/critics of Dalit literature have been applying the term testimonio to describe autobiographical narratives, which has inadvertently led to a normativisation of the available modi of ‘truth production’ about Dalit lived experiences. The objective of this paper is to dispute the adulatory assessment of testimonio as a genre, by highlighting the instances where the relationship between the self and the community in autobiographical narratives by Dalit women appears uneasy, fraught with dissensus and problematic, when examined from a Dalit feminist standpoint. By looking into ways of reading agency in Karukku (2000), Sangati (2005), and Viramma, Life of an Untouchable (1997), beyond the true-false, victim-oppressor and Dalit-Savarna simplistic binaries, this paper enunciates the problematic implications of using the nomenclature testimonio for reading these autobiographical narratives translated in English. Further, it posits arguments for shifting the emphasis on the politics of language and narrative to avert the trappings of the genre.

Dissections or Prosections; Which Method has a Better Impact on Sustainable Gross Anatomy Knowledge?

Background: Two groups of medical students in their final year were tested on the key concepts of gross anatomy using a question paper that included true false type questions and identification of anatomical line diagrams. These two batches of students followed a dissection based curriculum and a newly introduced prosections based curriculum at the beginning of their medical education respectively. The prosections based curriculum brought with it a significant cut down on the in-class teaching and learning activities when compared to the old curriculum. The objective of the study was to establish which method was more effective at establishing a core of anatomy knowledge that could be recalled after a considerable amount of time. This would in turn reflect how much of anatomy knowledge one would possess when they start to practice medicine as a newly qualified doctor and also embark on a postgraduate training programme.Methods: The two groups were subjected without prior warning to a question paper that comprised six questions, each with five True/False statements and four questions on identification and labelling of anatomical line diagrams.Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the marks obtained for the true false type questions between the two groups (p=0.076), but the prosections group obtained higher marks for the diagram identification questions (p = 0.022).Conclusions: Therefore, it was concluded that a prosection based curriculum when compared to a dissection based curriculum was equally effective at establishing a core of gross anatomy knowledge in a considerably lesser amount of time.

Diagnostic and Prognostic Performance of Liquid Biopsy-Derived Exosomal MicroRNAs in Thyroid Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Circulatory tumor-derived exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in cancer development/progression. We aimed to assess the diagnostic/prognostic value of circulating exosomal miRNA in thyroid cancer (TC). A search in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct up to 22 May 2021 was performed. The true/false positive (TP/FP) and true/false negative (TN/FN) rates were extracted from each eligible study to obtain the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative likelihood ratios (PLR/NLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs). The meta-analysis included 12 articles consisting of 1164 Asian patients and 540 controls. All miRNAs were quantified using qRT-PCR assays. The pooled sensitivity was 82% (95%CI = 77–86%), pooled specificity was 76% (95%CI = 71–80%), and pooled DOR was 13.6 (95%CI = 8.8–21.8). The best biomarkers with high sensitivity were miR-16-2-3p (94%), miR-223-5p (91%), miR-130a-3p (90%), and miR182-5p (94%). Similarly, they showed high specificity, in addition to miR-34c-5p. Six panels of two to four exosomal miRNAs showed higher diagnostic values with an area under the curve (AUC) ranging from 0.906 to 0.981. The best discriminative ability to differentiate between cancer and non-cancer individuals was observed for miR-146b-5p + miR-223-5p + miR-182-5p (AUC = 0.981, sensitivity = 93.8% (84.9–98.3), specificity = 92.9% (76.5–99.1)). In conclusion, the expression levels of exosomal miRNAs could predict TC.

Combating the Infodemic: A Chinese Infodemic Dataset for Misinformation Identification

Misinformation posted on social media during COVID-19 is one main example of infodemic data. This phenomenon was prominent in China when COVID-19 happened at the beginning. While a lot of data can be collected from various social media platforms, publicly available infodemic detection data remains rare and is not easy to construct manually. Therefore, instead of developing techniques for infodemic detection, this paper aims at constructing a Chinese infodemic dataset, “infodemic 2019”, by collecting widely spread Chinese infodemic during the COVID-19 outbreak. Each record is labeled as true, false or questionable. After a four-time adjustment, the original imbalanced dataset is converted into a balanced dataset by exploring the properties of the collected records. The final labels achieve high intercoder reliability with healthcare workers’ annotations and the high-frequency words show a strong relationship between the proposed dataset and pandemic diseases. Finally, numerical experiments are carried out with RNN, CNN and fastText. All of them achieve reasonable performance and present baselines for future works.