Testing the fetal overnutrition hypothesis; the relationship of maternal and paternal adiposity to adiposity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in Indian children

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to test the fetal overnutrition hypothesis by comparing the associations of maternal and paternal adiposity (sum of skinfolds) with adiposity and cardiovascular risk factors in children.DesignChildren from a prospective birth cohort had anthropometry, fat percentage (bio-impedance), plasma glucose, insulin and lipid concentrations and blood pressure measured at 9·5 years of age. Detailed anthropometric measurements were recorded for mothers (at 30 ± 2 weeks’ gestation) and fathers (5 years following the index pregnancy).SettingHoldsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India.SubjectsChildren (n504), born to mothers with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy.ResultsTwenty-eight per cent of mothers and 38 % of fathers were overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25·0 kg/m2), but only 4 % of the children were overweight/obese (WHO age- and sex-specific BMI ≥ 18·2 kg/m2). The children's adiposity (BMI, sum of skinfolds, fat percentage and waist circumference), fasting insulin concentration and insulin resistance increased with increasing maternal and paternal sum of skinfolds adjusted for the child's sex, age and socio-economic status. Maternal and paternal effects were similar. The associations with fasting insulin and insulin resistance were attenuated after adjusting for the child's current adiposity.ConclusionsIn this population, both maternal and paternal adiposity equally predict adiposity and insulin resistance in the children. This suggests that shared family environment and lifestyle, or genetic/epigenetic factors, influence child adiposity. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that there is an intra-uterine overnutrition effect of maternal adiposity in non-diabetic pregnancies, although we cannot rule out such an effect in cases of extreme maternal obesity, which is rare in our population.

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The associations between plasma adiponectin, ghrelin levels and cardiovascular risk factors

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.0.1500715 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 715-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 39

Author(s):

KM Choi ◽

J Lee ◽

KW Lee ◽

JA Seo ◽

JH Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Central Obesity ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Fasting Insulin ◽

Korean Women ◽

Plasma Adiponectin

OBJECTIVE: Ghrelin is a recently discovered peptide, which is produced primarily in the stomach. This orexigenic peptide participates not only in the induction of mealtime hunger but also in long-term body weight regulation and energy homeostasis. Adiponectin is a protein secreted by adipocytes, and has been proposed to mediate obesity-related insulin resistance. Moreover, concentrations of adiponectin are reduced in individuals with obesity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. However, human data are sparse about the direct relationship between adiponectin, ghrelin and cardiovascular risk factors including insulin resistance. DESIGN: Three hundred and thirty-eight elderly Korean women (mean age+/-s.d., 72.3+/-5.5 years) were included in the present study. METHODS: Plasma ghrelin and adiponectin levels were measured by RIA. Anthropometric measurements were taken and a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test performed. Fasting insulin and lipid profile were measured and insulin resistance was determined using the homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance index (HOMA-R) and the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index. RESULTS: Plasma adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with central obesity indices such as waist circumference (r=-0.27, P<0.001) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (r=-0.32, P<0.001), and with insulin resistance indices such as fasting insulin (r=-0.17, P=0.004) and HOMA-R (r=-0.13, P=0.035). Plasma ghrelin levels were negatively correlated with WHR (r=-0.12, P=0.03), but plasma adiponectin and ghrelin levels were not correlated (r=0.03, P=0.66). Multiple regression analysis showed that adiponectin was associated with WHR, fasting insulin and fasting glucose levels. When ghrelin was used as a dependent variable, only WHR remained in the final fitted model. CONCLUSION: Fasting plasma adiponectin and ghrelin levels were found to be associated with central obesity or insulin resistance. However, plasma adiponectin and ghrelin concentrations were not associated with each other in elderly Korean women.

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Adiposity, insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in 9–10-year-old Indian children: relationships with birth size and postnatal growth

Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease ◽

10.1017/s2040174410000498 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (06) ◽

pp. 403-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

G. V. Krishnaveni ◽

S. R. Veena ◽

A. K. Wills ◽

J. C. Hill ◽

S. C. Karat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Postnatal Growth ◽

Birth Size ◽

Indian Children

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The Effectiveness of Aerobic Training With Supplementation With Vitamins C and E on Some Inflammatory and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Overweight Men

Journal of Research and Health ◽

10.32598/jrh.11.1.579.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Bahram Abedi ◽

◽

Ali Reza Elmieh ◽

Seyed Benyamin Emam ◽

Hooman Khanbabakhani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Aerobic Training ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Body Fat Percentage ◽

Fat Percentage ◽

Supplement Group ◽

One Way Anova

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of aerobic training with supplementation of vitamins C and E on some inflammatory markers and cardiovascular risk factors in overweight men. Methods: In this semi-experimental study, 30 overweight men were randomly assigned into three groups (n=10, AT+Sup, AT+Placebo, and control). The exercise program consisted of three sessions per week at the intensity of 60-75% of maximal heart rate for six weeks. The supplement group received 300 mg of vitamin E daily and 400 mg vitamin C tablet and the placebo group received one gelatin capsule daily during this period. Before and after six weeks of intervention, were measured interleukin-6 (IL-6), -reactive protein (CRP), Triglyceride (TG), Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL), High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL), and insulin resistance index. Data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey post hoc test at a significance level of P<0.05. Result: The results showed that aerobic training significantly reduced the body fat percentage, TG, and LDL in both supplement and placebo groups(P<0.05). However, this reduction was observed in IL-6 and CRP only in the supplement group (P<0.05). On the other hand, the results showed that exercise and supplementation did not change the insulin resistance of subjects. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that there was a significant difference between the three groups in fat percentage, IL-6, CRP, TG, and LDL (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this research, probably six weeks of aerobic training plus supplementation with vitamin E and C may help to reduce inflammatory symptoms, body fat percentage, and some cardiovascular risk factors.

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Investigation of the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in obese patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome in childhood and examination of left ventricular function by echocardiography

Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1515/jpem-2020-0597 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Güzin Özden ◽

Ayşe Esin Kibar Gül ◽

Eda Mengen ◽

Ahmet Ucaktürk ◽

Hazım Alper Gürsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Atherogenic Index ◽

Volume Index ◽

Common Component

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study is to investigate the cardiovascular risk factors associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS), which is increasingly becoming prevalent in childhood obesity. Methods A total of 113 patients, 76 of whom were between the ages of 10 and 17 (mean age: 14.5 ± 1.8 years) and diagnosed with obesity (30 non-MetS and 46 MetS using IDF) and 37 of whom constituted the control group, participated in the study. Echocardiographic examination and atherogenicity parameters (Atherogenic index of plasma [AIP: logTG/HDL], total cholesterol/HDL, and TG/HDL ratio and non-HDL) were evaluated. Results The most common component accompanying obese MetS was found to be hypertension and low HDL. While obesity duration, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, atherogenicity parameters were determined to be significantly higher in the obese-MetS group. Echocardiography showed that while the thickness, volume, and diameter of LV end-diastolic wall, left ventricular mass (LVM), LVM index (LVMI g/m2) and relative wall thickness (RWT) were significantly high in the MetS group, however, mitral E/A ratio was significantly lower (p<0.05). Change in LV geometry consistent with concentric remodeling (increased RWT, normal LVMI) was visible in obese groups. LVM were positively significantly related to BMI, waist circumference, insulin resistance, blood pressure, LDL level, and negative to mitral E/A ratio. In the obese-MetS group, LVMI was positively correlated to office systolic BP, left atrium end-diastolic volume/index. Conclusions LVMI and atherogenicity parameters that were found to be significantly higher in obese MetS exhibit increased cardiovascular risk in childhood.

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Influence of methyltestosterone postmenopausal therapy on plasma lipids, inflammatory factors, glucose metabolism and visceral fat: a randomized study

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/eje.1.02065 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 154 (1) ◽

pp. 131-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Lenora M Camarate S M Leão ◽

Mônica Peres C Duarte ◽

Dalva Margareth B Silva ◽

Paulo Roberto V Bahia ◽

Cláudia Medina Coeli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Visceral Fat ◽

Increased Risk

Background: There has been a growing interest in treating postmenopausal women with androgens. However, hyperandrogenemia in females has been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Objective: We aimed to assess the effects of androgen replacement on cardiovascular risk factors. Design: Thirty-seven postmenopausal women aged 42–62 years that had undergone hysterectomy were prospectively enrolled in a double-blind protocol to receive, for 12 months, percutaneous estradiol (E2) (1 mg/day) combined with either methyltestosterone (MT) (1.25 mg/day) or placebo. Methods: Along with treatment, we evaluated serum E2, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), free androgen index, lipids, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein; glucose tolerance; insulin resistance; blood pressure; body-mass index; and visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat mass as assessed by computed tomography. Results: A significant reduction in SHBG (P < 0.001) and increase in free testosterone index (P < 0.05; Repeated measures analysis of variance) were seen in the MT group. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lowered to a similar extent by both regimens, but high-density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased only in the androgen group. MT-treated women showed a modest rise in body weight and gained visceral fat mass relative to the other group (P < 0.05), but there were no significant detrimental effects on fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance. Conclusion: This study suggests that the combination of low-dose oral MT and percutaneous E2, for 1 year, does not result in expressive increase of cardiovascular risk factors. This regimen can be recommended for symptomatic postmenopausal women, although it seems prudent to perform baseline and follow-up lipid profile and assessment of body composition, especially in those at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Insulin Resistance in Association with Thyroid Function, Psychoemotional State, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073388 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3388

Author(s):

Nijole Kazukauskiene ◽

Aurelija Podlipskyte ◽

Giedrius Varoneckas ◽

Narseta Mickuviene

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Thyroid Function ◽

Study Groups ◽

Model Assessment ◽

Psychoemotional State ◽

Study Participants

Background: Individuals with insulin resistance (IR) have a high risk of diabetes or metabolic syndrome, and they are more likely to have depression. Furthermore, IR by itself is a major cardiovascular risk factor in healthy persons. Thus, we aimed to investigate IR in association with thyroid function, psychoemotional state, and cardiovascular risk factors among 45–84-year-old citizens of Palanga. Methods: A randomized epidemiological study was performed with 850 subjects. All participants were evaluated for sociodemographic, clinical, and cardiovascular risk factors and biochemical analysis. IR was evaluated by the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR). Results: All study participants were stratified into groups without IR (HOMA-IR ≤ 2.7) and with IR (HOMA-IR > 2.7). The analysis of parameters between the two study groups showed some statistically significant relationships between IR and cardiovascular risk factors. The predictable accuracy was presented using receiver performance characteristic curves for HOMA-IR scores in women and men separately. If the HOMA-IR score is higher than 3.45, individuals are significantly more likely to have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Conclusions: An increase of fasting glucose and more frequent incidence of metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases in subjects with IR are associated with the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. There was no significant association between thyroid function and HOMA-IR. HOMA-IR cut-offs could predict the presence of T2DM.

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