scholarly journals Preface

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-364
Author(s):  
AGOSTINO DOVIER
Keyword(s):  
Constraint Satisfaction Problem ◽  
Constraint Propagation ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Chess Player ◽  
Propositional Formula ◽  
Magic Squares ◽  
Magic Square ◽  
History Of ◽  
First Programming Language ◽  
Unit Propagation

Magic squares, chess-like problems, cryptarithmetic puzzles, and similar classes of problems have been extensively used to challenge human reasoning capabilities. Lo Shu magic square can be traced back to 650 B.C., the eight-queens problem was proposed in 1848 by the chess player Max Bazzel TWO × TWO = THREE puzzle appeared in Strand Magazine in 1924. These puzzles are nowadays widely used in constraint programming courses. The first programming language provided with constraint modelling primitives (Sketchpad) has been proposed by the Turing award winner Ivan Sutherland in his PhD thesis (1963). Logemann and Loveland, when implementing the Davis–Putnam procedure (Davis and Putnam 1960) for testing the satisfiability of a propositional formula (SAT), devised an algorithm (Davis–Putnam–Logemann–Loveland (DPLL)) that has become the core of all SAT/and Answer Set Programming solvers (50 years later). It consists in choosing an un-assigned variable, assigning it a value 0 or 1, propagating the chosen value (unit propagation), and proceeding with the alternative value, if the original assignment leads to a contradiction (backtracking). Some years later Waltz (1975) introduced the notion of domain filtering (arc-consistency-based constraint propagation). With this idea the same DPLL scheme can be used for verifying the satisfiability of a constraint satisfaction problem, where the assignment is no longer 0/1 and the unit propagation is replaced by constraint propagation. For a detailed history of these early years achievements, we refer the reader to the works by Loveland et al. (2017), Jaffar and Maher (1994), and Freuder and Mackworth (2006).

scholarly journals Some properties of magSome Properties of Magic Squares of Distinct Squares and Cubesic squares

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Amal Abdulrahman Ibrahim ◽  
Shatha A. Salman
Keyword(s):  
Positive Integer ◽  
Magic Squares ◽  
Magic Square ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magic Constant

Magic squares is n×n matrix with positive integer entries as well as the sum of rows, columnsand mains diagonal have the same magic constant, one of the most oldest magic square wasdiscovered in china. In this paper the history of magic square is displayed and some definitionof its kind is given the prove of two theorems about properties of magic square is introduced.

Magic squares of order four

1982 ◽  
Vol 306 (1495) ◽  
pp. 443-532 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
New Method ◽  
Magic Squares ◽  
Magic Square ◽  
All Solutions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Analytical Proof ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Order Four

A brief history of work on the 4 x 4 magic square is presented, with particular reference to Frenicle’s achievement over 300 years ago of establishing 880 as the number of essentially different squares by using the method of exhaustion (not convincingly repeated except by computer in 1976). He also established several central theorems. Our paper confirms the number 880 by a wholly new method of Frenicle quads and ‘part sums’, which leads to the classification of all solutions into, initially, six genera one of which has no members and thence to the enumeration of all possible solutions by analytical methods only. The working leads also to the first analytical proof independent of solutions that 12 and only 12 patterns formed by linking‘complementary’ numbers within a square are necessary and sufficient to describe all solutions - a fact which has been known since 1908, but not hitherto proved. A second method of construction and partial proof) greatly shortened by what has gone before, is also described. This yields a highly symmetrical list of the 880 magic squares. Together the two methods combine to explain many of the special characteristics and otherwise mysterious properties of these fascinating squares. The complete symmetrical list of squares ends the paper.

The Early Years of Republic

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.V. Vaidyanatha Ayyar
Keyword(s):  
Educational Development ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
British Raj ◽  
University Development ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Education In India ◽  
History Of ◽  
Post War ◽  
The University

The chapter is a prologue to the main narrative of the book. It offers an evaluation of Macaulay’s minute which paved the way for introduction of modern education in India, the idea of National System Of Education which dominated Indian thinking on education for over sixty years from the Partition of Bengal (1905) to the Kothari Commission (1964), and the division of responsibility between the Central and Provincial Governments for educational development during British Raj. It offers a succinct account of the key recommendations of the landmark Sarjent Committee on Post-War Educational Development, the Radhakrishnan Commission on University Development, and the Mudaliar Commission on Secondary Education, of the drafting history of the provisions relating to education in the Constitution, the spectacular expansion of access after Independence, the evolution of regulatory policies and institutions like the University Grants Commission (UGC), and of the delicate compromise over language policy.

Emanzipation von der jüdischen Orthodoxie. Die Jugend- und Lehrjahre 1862-1890 des Leo Wertheimer alias Constantin Brunner

Aschkenas ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-349
Author(s):  
Matthias Springborn
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Development ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Informal Networks ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
German Empire ◽  
Self Image ◽  
Childhood And Youth ◽  
History Of ◽  
German Jewish ◽  
Jewish Intellectuals

Abstract This biographical essay is designed to give a survey of Constantin Brunnerʼs early years, from his childhood and youth until the end of his student days, based on the available letters, manuscripts and published writings. A major focus is on Brunnerʼs intellectual development from protected child, spiritually shaped by Jewish orthodoxy, to aspiring religious scholar and finally to the secular philosopher known today. The article is therefore a contribution to a range of research topics: to the field of German-Jewish biography during the period of the German Empire; but also to the history of ideas, particularly in relation to the secularization of religious minorities. It also touches upon developments inside the Jewish community: the way different intellectual and religious currents are related to each other, the informal networks between Jewish intellectuals and how national (German or Jewish) identity is related to the Jewish self-image.

Programming the Common Market: The Making and Failure of a ‘Dirigiste’ Europe, 1957–1967

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Hugo Canihac
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
European Economic Community ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Economic Governance ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
European Economic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

This article contributes to the debate about the history of the political economy of the European Economic Community (EEC). It retraces the efforts during the early years of the EEC to implement a form of ‘European economic programming’, that is, a more ‘dirigiste’ type of economic governance than is usually associated with European integration. Based on a variety of archives, it offers a new account of the making and failure of this project. It argues that, at the time, the idea of economic programming found many supporters, but its implementation largely failed for political as well as practical reasons. In so doing, it also brings to light the role of economists during the early years of European integration.

Hooke recommemorated

1996 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-140
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Arts And Sciences ◽  
Personal Interaction ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Christ Church ◽  
History Of

Richard Nichols, The Diaries of Robert Hooke, The Leonardo of London, 1635-1703 . Lewes, Sussex: The Book Guild, 1994, Pp. 185, £15.00. ISBN 0- 86332-930-6. Richard Nichols is a science master turned historian of science who celebrates in this book Robert Hooke’s contributions to the arts and sciences. The appreciation brings together comments from Hooke’s Diaries , and other works, on each of his main enterprises, and on his personal interaction with each of his principal friends and foes. Further references to Hooke and his activities are drawn from Birch’s History of the Royal Society, Aubrey’s Brief Lives , and the Diaries of Evelyn and of Pepys. The first section of the book, ‘Hooke the Man’, covers his early years of education at home in Freshwater, at Westminster school and at Christ Church, Oxford, where he soon joined the group of experimental philosophers who set him up as Curator of the Royal Society and Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, Bishopsgate. Hooke’s domestic life at Gresham College is described - his intimate relationships with a series of housekeepers, including his niece, Grace Hooke, and his social life at the College and in the London coffee houses.

Glancing Back, Striding Ahead

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 315-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard T. Bouché
Keyword(s):  
American Academy ◽  
Present State ◽  
Sports Medicine ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Future Direction

This article provides a succinct but comprehensive review of the history of the American Academy of Podiatric Sports Medicine. Three time periods are described: the pre-academy era, the early years of podiatric sports medicine leading up to the academy’s founding, and the academy’s founding and the 1970s. An appreciation of the academy’s past facilitates understanding of its present state and future direction. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 93(4): 315-320, 2003)

Kharkiv Scenography School of O. Khvostenko-Khvostov: The Experience of Professionalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (02) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
V. Chechyk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Music And Literature ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Theatrical Design ◽  
Outstanding Teachers ◽  
History Of ◽  
Compulsory Subject ◽  
The City

The article is devoted to the early years of formation of Kharkiv scenography school and to the creative and pedagogical activities of Olexander Khvostenko-Khvostov (1895–1967). It was reported that the bold experiments of this artist, in the field of theatrical design of 1918–1922, made him one of the central figures of Kharkiv avant-garde scene (“Mystery Buff”; “The Army in the City”; “Lilyuli”, etc), strengthening the reputation of an innovator and causing the beginning of pedagogical activity at the Kharkiv Art College in 1921. The theatrical and decorative workshop was opened at the faculty of painting at the Kharkiv Art College in 1922, it was headed by A. Khvostenko-Khvostov. Among the first graduates were such bright alumni as A. Volnenko, P. Suponin, V. Ryftin, A. Bosulaev, B. Chernyshov, and others. Fundamental provisions of the educational program, which A. Khvostenko borrowed from the teaching practice of A. Exter (Kyiv Studio, 1918–1920), reflected the formation idea of future theater artist’s synthetic thinking. It is known that the education program of the Theater and Scenery Workshop of KAC, equally with the Studio of A. Exter, in addition to the subjects common to all students of painting and drawing faculty as special subjects (theatrical scenery, technique and technology of the stage, etc.) included also the history of theater (I. Turkeltaub), material culture, costume, music and literature (A. Beletsky). O. Khvostenko paid special attention to theoretical and practical issues of composition. He introduced the course of fundamentals of directing (V. Vasilko) as a compulsory subject. Much of what the students mastered at the Workshop was tested on the professional stages of Kharkiv theaters. Associated with the Kharkiv Art School for a quarter of a century (1921–1946), O. Khvostenko-Khvostov has not still been included in the pantheon of its outstanding teachers.

Prosody in Automatic Speech Processing

2020 ◽  
pp. 632-645
Author(s):  
Anton Batliner ◽  
Bernd Möbius
Keyword(s):  
Speech Processing ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Short History ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Dialogue Acts ◽  
Semantics And Pragmatics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
History Of

Automatic speech processing (ASP) is understood as covering word recognition, the processing of higher linguistic components (syntax, semantics, and pragmatics), and the processing of computational paralinguistics (CP), which deals with speaker states and traits. This chapter attempts to track the role of prosody in ASP from the word level up to CP. A short history of the field from 1980 to 2020 distinguishes the early years (until 2000)—when the prosodic contribution to the modelling of linguistic phenomena, such as accents, boundaries, syntax, semantics, and dialogue acts, was the focus—from the later years, when the focus shifted to paralinguistics; prosody ceased to be visible. Different types of predictor variables are addressed, among them high-performance power features as well as leverage features, which can also be employed in teaching and therapy.

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