A new morphological character of superior claspers to differentiate Glossina pallidipes Austen from Glossina Longipalpis Wiedemann (Diptera: Glossinidae)

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 (06) ◽  
pp. 719-721
Author(s):  
A. Challier ◽  
F. L. Lambrecht
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Character ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Glossina Longipalpis

scholarly journals An update on the distribution of Glossina (tsetse flies) at the wildlife-human-livestock interface of Akagera National Park, Rwanda

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard S. Gashururu ◽  
Samuel M. Githigia ◽  
Methode N. Gasana ◽  
Richard Habimana ◽  
Ndichu Maingi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Biconical Traps

Abstract Background Glossina (tsetse flies) biologically transmit trypanosomes that infect both humans and animals. Knowledge of their distribution patterns is a key element to better understand the transmission dynamics of trypanosomosis. Tsetse distribution in Rwanda has not been well enough documented, and little is known on their current distribution. This study determined the current spatial distribution, abundance, diversity, and seasonal variations of tsetse flies in and around the Akagera National Park. Methods A longitudinal stratified sampling following the seasons was used. Biconical traps were deployed in 55 sites for 6 consecutive days of each study month from May 2018 to June 2019 and emptied every 48 h. Flies were identified using FAO keys, and the number of flies per trap day (FTD) was used to determine the apparent density. Pearson chi-square (χ2) and parametrical tests (t-test and ANOVA) were used to determine the variations between the variables. The significance (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence interval was considered. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between tsetse occurrence and the associated predictors. Results A total of 39,516 tsetse flies were collected, of which 73.4 and 26.6% were from inside Akagera NP and the interface area, respectively. Female flies accounted for 61.3 while 38.7% were males. Two species were identified, i.e. G. pallidipes [n = 29,121, 7.4 flies/trap/day (FTD)] and G. morsitans centralis (n = 10,395; 2.6 FTD). The statistical difference in numbers was significant between the two species (p = 0.000). The flies were more abundant during the wet season (15.8 FTD) than the dry season (4.2 FTD). Large numbers of flies were trapped around the swamp areas (69.1 FTD) inside the park and in Nyagatare District (11.2 FTD) at the interface. Glossina morsitans was 0.218 times less likely to occur outside the park. The chance of co-existing between the two species reduced outside the protected area (0.021 times). Conclusions The occurrence of Glossina seems to be limited to the protected Akagera NP and a narrow band of its surrounding areas. This finding will be crucial to design appropriate control strategies. Glossina pallidipes was found in higher numbers and therefore is conceivably the most important vector of trypanosomosis. Regional coordinated control and regular monitoring of Glossina distribution are recommended. Graphic Abstract

The revised Permian genus Dagmarita Reitlinger, 1965 (Dagmaritinae, Foraminifera) and its phylogenetic relationships

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-216
Author(s):  
Valerio Gennari ◽  
Roberto Rettori
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Thin Section ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Taxonomic Composition ◽  
3D Reconstructions ◽  
Nw Iran ◽  
Smaller Foraminifers ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
First Time

AbstractAmong Permian smaller foraminifers, the genus Dagmarita is one of the most studied due to its worldwide distribution. The detailed study of the Zal (NW Iran) and Abadeh (Central Iran) stratigraphic sections led to redescription of the genus Dagmarita and its taxonomic composition. In Dagmarita, a peculiar generic morphological character, represented by a secondary valvular projection, has been detected for the first time among globivalvulinid foraminifers. The phylogeny of Dagmarita, and in particular its ancestor Sengoerina, is discussed and the new species, D. ghorbanii n. sp. and D. zalensis n. sp., are introduced. Analogies and differences among all the species belonging to Dagmarita are highlighted and morphological features of the new taxa are shown in 3D reconstructions, useful for understanding differently oriented sections of the specimens in thin section.UUID: http://zoobank.org/3d8eb14c-7757-4cbd-877c-4bacd2d156da

The microbial content and morphological character of the normal bovine uterus and oviduct

1950 ◽  
Vol 40 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. M. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Character ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Blood Agar Plate ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Secretory Phase ◽  
Control Series ◽  
Proliferative Phase ◽  
Gland Tissue ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
A Site

The genitalia of a control series of nineteen animals, slaughtered for other reasons than reproductive failure, were studied. Of these six were in various stages of pregnancy, one was in a ‘proliferative phase’, being slaughtered probably just before the first oestrus after calving, and twelve represented different phases of the oestrous cycle, more than half exemplifying the last 4 days before heat. Stages were judged from the appearance of the ovaries, and checked in five instances by repeated rectal examinations, and observation of behaviour during life. Of the nineteen uteri eight yielded bacteria on culture, sometimes in moderately high density; from two of them, pure cultures were recovered respectively of Pseudomonas and Neisseria catarrhalis; and in another, probably Proteus was found. No previous records of these three genera at such a site have been found. Only aerobic blood agar plate cultures, and those for tuberculosis organisms were made. Dissection results unequivocally supported the view of Tagliavini in opposition to that taken by Hammond, that the sanguineous elements in post-oestral discharge originated from endometrial extravasation. The cow slaughtered 4 days after heat indicated that congestion disappears from the caruncles before leaving the areas between them. Microscopically, no mast cells, as observed by the Italian workers, could be seen; it appeared that a ‘proliferative phase’ occurs in every cycle during the three pre-oestral days, when gland tissue proliferates from its nadir of development, surface epithelium grows in height, and vascularization progresses. The rate and interrelations of these changes seemed variable. Arterioles appeared to be withdrawn from the superficial mucosa during the secretory phase. Tagliavini's claim to have observed sloughing of epithelium about the 17th day, strictly equivalent to the process of menstruation in the Primates, must on the evidence be regarded with considerable reserve.

scholarly journals The relative taxonomic value of morphological characters in the genus <i>Nummulites</i> (Foraminiferida)

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Racey
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Character ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Species Discrimination ◽  
Evolutionary Trends ◽  
Ontogenetic Effects

Abstract. The main evolutionary trends in the nummulites are briefly summarised and the value of certain morphological characters in species discrimination are summarised. The degree of interdependence of each morphological character on all other characters is assessed and the characters are weighted in order of importance. Environmental and ontogenetic effects on each character are then reviewed and the characters reweighted in order of importance.

scholarly journals Comparative performance of traps in catching tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) in Tanzania

2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imna I. Malele ◽  
Johnson O. Ouma ◽  
Hamisi S. Nyingilili ◽  
Winston A. Kitwika ◽  
Deusdedit J. Malulu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Abundant Species ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Comparative Performance ◽  
Control Programmes ◽  
Fly Control ◽  
Tsetse Fly Control ◽  
Species Being ◽  
Biconical Traps

This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of different tsetse traps in 28 sites across Tanzania. The traps used were biconical, H, NGU, NZI, pyramidal, S3, mobile, and sticky panels. Stationary traps were deployed at a distance of 200 m apart and examined 72 h after deployment. The results showed that 117 (52.2%) out of the 224 traps deployed captured at least one Glossina species. A total of five Glossina species were captured, namely Glossina brevipalpis, Glossina pallidipes, Glossina swynnertoni, Glossina morsitans, and Glossina fuscipes martinii. Biconical traps caught tsetse flies in 27 sites, pyramidal in 26, sticky panel in 20, mobile in 19, S3 in 15, NGU in 7, H in 2 and NZI in 1. A total of 21 107 tsetse flies were trapped, with the most abundant species being G. swynnertoni (55.9%), followed by G. pallidipes (31.1%), G. fuscipes martinii (6.9%) and G. morsitans (6.0%). The least caught was G. brevipalpis (0.2%). The highest number of flies were caught by NGU traps (32.5%), followed by sticky panel (16%), mobile (15.4%), pyramidal (13.0%), biconical (11.3%) and S3 (10.2%). NZI traps managed to catch 0.9% of the total flies and H traps 0.7%. From this study, it can be concluded that the most efficient trap was NGU, followed by sticky panel and mobile, in that order. Therefore, for tsetse fly control programmes, NGU traps could be the better choice. Conversely, of the stationary traps, pyramidal and biconical traps captured tsetse flies in the majority of sites, covering all three ecosystems better than any other traps; therefore, they would be suitable for scouting for tsetse infestation in any given area, thus sparing the costs of making traps for each specific Glossina species.Keywords: tseste; traps; densties; Glossina; mobile; stationary; Tanzania

The susceptibility of Glossina pallidipes Austen (Diptera: Glossinidae) to insecticide deposits on targets

1985 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Torr
Keyword(s):  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Emulsifiable Concentrate ◽  
Aqueous Suspensions ◽  
Wettable Powder

AbstractStudies were made of the susceptibility of wild-caught females of Glossina pallidipes Austen to deposits of DDT, dieldrin and deltamethrin on cotton canvas and Terylene netting. Aqueous suspensions of 3% dieldrin wettable powder, 3% dieldrin emulsifiable concentrate, 5·0% DDT wettable powder and 0·0625% deltamethrin flowable concentrate, were sprayed on the canvas at 0·36% litre/m2 Over 95% of the flies resting for 45 s on fresh deposits of these insecticides died within 72 h. Deposits of dieldrin, DDT and deltamethrin exposed to the sun during 140 days of the dry season produced mortalities of 100, 0 and 10% compared with 100, 75 and 100% for shaded deposits. The concentration of dieldrin and deltamethrin on exposed canvas was about 1% that on shaded canvas, but dieldrin produced photodieldrin upon exposure to the sun. Flies colliding with Terylene netting that had been immersed in 0·75–6·0% suspensions of dieldrin wettable powder and 0·01–0·1% suspensions of deltamethrin flowable concentrate produced mortalities of 100%. Deltamethrin deposits were resistant to weathering by rain, but dieldrin deposits were not. It is suggested that deltamethrin flowable concentrate should be used during the wet season and that dieldrin wettable powder should be used during the dry season. Dieldrin sprayed on an electrocuting target reduced the catch, but deltamethrin did not.

Aircraft Applications of Insecticides in East Africa. VI.—Applications of a coarse Aerosol containning DDT to control the Tsetse Flies, Glossina morsitans Westw., Glossina swynnertoni Aust. and Glossina pallidipes Aust.

1954 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 585-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. Hocking ◽  
D. Yeo ◽  
D. G. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
Glossina Morsitans ◽  
Median Diameter ◽  
Coarse Aerosol ◽  
Savannah Woodland ◽  
Mass Median ◽  
Glossina Swynnertoni ◽  
Mass Median Diameter

An experiment is described where applications of a coarse aerosol were made to savannah woodland containing the tsetse flies, Glossina moritans Westw., G. swynnertoni Aust. and G. pallidipes Aust.Seven applications were made, each at a nominal dosage of 0·25 lb. of technical DDT per acre and 0·25 gallons of solution per acre. The applications in any particular part of the treaed woodland covered an interval of 90 days, or rather more than two pupal periods.The coarse aerosol was produced by emitting the insecticidal solution under pressure through fine nozzles fitted to a boom. It had a mass median diameter of approximately 60 microns, and droplet dismeters varied from a few microns to approximately 200 microns.The population of G. pallidipes was so drastically reduced that it has subsequently dies out. The reduction of G. morsitans was approximately 95 per cent. The differences between the reductions are attributed mainly to differences between the ease with which the three species can be killed. It is pointed out that this is not necessarily equivalent to differences in susceptibility.Comparisons are made with previous experiments, and the different results of the various experiments are difficult to explian satisfactory. The increased cover in savannah areas during the leafy period may have reduced the effectiveness of the applications, and the total periods covered by the various series of applications were probably also important. Random effects, leading to ineffective treatments, may also be important.Costs are discussed.

scholarly journals Otomorphs (= otocephalans or ostarioclupeomorphs) revisited

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gloria Arratia
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Neotropical Region ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Heterogeneous Group ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Gas Bladder ◽  
Parietal Bones ◽  
Freshwater Environments

ABSTRACT A morphological revision is presented here on the cohort Otomorpha, a clade currently interpreted as the most primitive among the large supercohort Clupeocephala. Otomorpha is a morphologically heterogeneous group represented by clupei forms , alepocephaliforms, and ostariophysans (gonorynchiforms, cypriniforms, characiforms, siluriforms, and gymnoti forms) that inhabit various marine and freshwater environments worldwide. Otomorphs have a long (ca. 145 Ma) and diverse fossil record. They are the largest fish teleostean clade worldwide, as well as the largest of the Neotropical Region. While molecular studies strongly confirm the monophyly of Otomorpha, most potential morphological synapomorphies of the group become homoplastic largely due to the peculiar morphological character states (either losses or transformations) present in alepocephaliforms. The fusion of haemal arches with their respective vertebral centra anterior to preural centrum 2 stands as an unambiguous synapomorphy of the clade. The ankylosis or fusion of the extrascapular and parietal bones, and silvery areas associated with the gas bladder are also interpreted as synapomorphies, although they are homoplastic characters mainly due to secondary losses or further transformations of the morphological features in the alepocephaliforms.

scholarly journals Differential virulence and tsetse fly transmissibility of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei strains

2017 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purity K. Gitonga ◽  
Kariuki Ndung’u ◽  
Grace A. Murilla ◽  
Paul C. Thande ◽  
Florence N. Wamwiri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Survival Time ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Glossina Pallidipes ◽  
Trypanosoma Congolense ◽  
Tsetse Fly ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Tsetse Flies ◽  
African Countries

African animal trypanosomiasis causes significant economic losses in sub-Saharan African countries because of livestock mortalities and reduced productivity. Trypanosomes, the causative agents, are transmitted by tsetse flies (Glossina spp.). In the current study, we compared and contrasted the virulence characteristics of five Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei isolates using groups of Swiss white mice (n = 6). We further determined the vectorial capacity of Glossina pallidipes, for each of the trypanosome isolates. Results showed that the overall pre-patent (PP) periods were 8.4 ± 0.9 (range, 4–11) and 4.5 ± 0.2 (range, 4–6) for T. congolense and T. brucei isolates, respectively (p < 0.01). Despite the longer mean PP, T. congolense–infected mice exhibited a significantly (p < 0.05) shorter survival time than T. brucei–infected mice, indicating greater virulence. Differences were also noted among the individual isolates with T. congolense KETRI 2909 causing the most acute infection of the entire group with a mean ± standard error survival time of 9 ± 2.1 days. Survival time of infected tsetse flies and the proportion with mature infections at 30 days post-exposure to the infective blood meals varied among isolates, with subacute infection–causing T. congolense EATRO 1829 and chronic infection–causing T. brucei EATRO 2267 isolates showing the highest mature infection rates of 38.5% and 23.1%, respectively. Therefore, our study provides further evidence of occurrence of differences in virulence and transmissibility of eastern African trypanosome strains and has identified two, T. congolense EATRO 1829 and T. brucei EATRO 2267, as suitable for tsetse infectivity and transmissibility experiments.

scholarly journals Remarks Using the SEM method Species Seeds of Gentiana occurring in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. ALÇITEPE ◽  
S. ERKEN ◽  
F. GÜLBAG ◽  
M.E. ÖZZAMBAK
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Seed Shape ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Seed Micromorphology ◽  
Periclinal Walls ◽  
First Time ◽  
Seed Characteristics ◽  
Wing Cell

ABSTRACT Seeds of eleven perennial Gentiana collected from Turkey were analyzed using the SEM method. Other species excluding G. septemfida, G. boissieri, G. gelida were studied for the first time. They were identified and compared in terms of seed characteristics and surface ornamentations. Major characteristics including the outer periclinal walls of testa, sculpting of inner periclinal walls, seed shape, seed and testa cell, wing cell size, thickness of testa wall and seed shape have been proposed for Turkey Gentiana. They are divided into different types, such as no wing, chalazal wing, incomplete discoid wing, complete discoid wing according to the outer periclinal walls of testa. Considering primary sculpting of seeds, irregularly striate and shallowly reticulate type is observed. Anticlinal walls of G. olivieri, G. boissieri and G. gelida are curved, while others are straight. G. lutea has the largest mean seed (4.20 x 4.40 mm), while G. cruciata (0.67 x 0.60 mm) and G. olivieri have the smallest mean seeds (0.67 x 0.67 mm). Seed micromorphology can be used together with morphological character to form classifications in studied specimens for Gentiana genus.

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