Urea treatment as a means of preserving/processing moist wheat for intensively finished cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 54-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Lewis ◽  
B.G. Lowman ◽  
M. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Aqueous Ammonia ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Urea Solution ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Urea Treatment

Wheat requires processing for feeding to cattle otherwise large amount remain undigested. Processing methods can be mechanical or chemical (sodium hydroxide or aqueous ammonia) but these require specialised equipment and/or the use of contractors. The objective of this trial was to evaluate moist wheat fed whole, but treated with urea at harvest as a means of generating ammonia in situ, in diets for intensively finished cattle.Eighty tonnes of wheat (variety Riband) was harvested on 21-22 August 1997 at a dry matter (DM) of 750 g/kg and treated immediately with 53 l/tonne of a urea solution (430 g urea/litre) to supply 30 g urea/kg wheat DM. Treatment was achieved by applying the urea to the wheat as it was augered into the storage silo, which was then sealed with polythene.

Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of ponies

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 127-127
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fixed Times

Cereal grains are often subjected to physical processing before being fed to equids. However, little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects degradation dynamics in equids. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of poniesThree caecally fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC). Degradation profiles were fitted to the DM and STC disappearance data according to Ørskov and McDonald (1979).

Effects of stage of maturity of fermented whole crop wheat on milk production by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 145-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.A. Sinclair ◽  
R.G. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Two Stages

Previous work conducted with whole crop wheat (WCW) as a forage for dairy cattle has focussed on harvesting the crop at a relatively mature stage and the addition of urea to act as a preservative (e.g. Cammell et al., 1996). Fermented WCW has the potential of being an important complementary forage to grass silage for dairy cows but avoids the addition of large quantities of nitrogen to the crop at ensiling required for urea treatment. However, little work has been conducted to evaluate the effects of stage of maturity of whole crop wheat on subsequent animal performance. The objectives of the current experiment were to examine the effects of stage of maturity of fermented WCW on milk production, liveweight and blood metabolite concentrations of dairy cows.The winter wheat variety Hunter was grown as a conventional cereal crop and cut at two stages of maturity. The first cut (low starch) was when the crop was approximately 300g/kg dry matter (DM) and Zadoks growth stage 71 (watery ripe) and the second (high starch) at approximately 370g/kg DM and growth stage 85 (soft dough).

Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of ponies

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 127-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cereal Grains ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fixed Times

Cereal grains are often subjected to physical processing before being fed to equids. However, little information is available on how physical processing of cereals affects degradation dynamics in equids. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of barley in the caecum of poniesThree caecally fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41μm pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed barley (UB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC). Degradation profiles were fitted to the DM and STC disappearance data according to Ørskov and McDonald (1979).

Effect of physical processing on in situ degradation of maize and peas in the caecum of ponies

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 134-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford ◽  
T Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Sample Size ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Grass Hay ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
In Situ Degradation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fixed Times

Maize and peas that have undergone physical processing are used routinely in cereal mixes for equines. However, little information is available on how physical processing of maize and peas affects degradation dynamics in equines. This experiment examines the effect of two physical processing methods (micronisation and extrusion) on in situ degradation of maize and peas in the caecum of poniesTwo caecally-fistulated mature Welsh-cross pony geldings (approx. LW 270kg) were offered ad libitum grass hay plus minerals. Incubation bags (monofilament polyester 6.5 x 20cm, 41? m pores, 16mg/cm2 sample size) containing either unprocessed maize (UM), micronised maize (MM), extruded maize (EM), unprocessed peas (UP), micronised peas (MP) or extruded peas (EP) were incubated in the caecum for fixed times according to both a forward (0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 8, 24, 48h) and reverse (48, 24, 8, 4, 12, 6, 2, 0h) incubation sequence. For each feedstuff residues from each time were bulked within pony and across incubation sequence for subsequent analysis of dry matter (DM) and starch (STC).

In situ techniques to predict in vivo digestibility and to evaluate the impact of flint maize processing methods on degradation parameters

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
L. A. Godoi ◽  
B. C. Silva ◽  
A. C. B. Menezes ◽  
F. A. S. Silva ◽  
H. M. Alhadas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
In Situ Techniques ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This study aimed to (1) evaluate the effects of flint maize processing methods on the estimation of the readily soluble fraction (a), the potentially degradable fraction (b) and the rate of degradation of b (c) for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and starch in the rumen; and (2) verify whether two different applications of in situ technique can be used to estimate in vivo DM, OM and starch digestibilities. Five ruminally cannulated Nellore bulls (265 ± 18.2 kg; 8 ± 1.0 mo) were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square. Three experimental diets were composed of 0.30 whole-plant maize silage, 0.10 supplement and 0.60 of one of the following processing methods: dry ground maize grain (DMG); high-moisture maize (HMM); reconstituted maize grain silage (RMG). Two additional diets were composed of 0.10 supplement, 0.80 snaplage and 0.10 stalklage (SNAP-80); or 0.10 supplement and 0.90 snaplage (SNAP-90). Digestibilities were estimated using in vivo procedure or predicted from in situ technique using a single 24 h incubation point or an equation proposed in previous literature. Diets based on ensiled grains presented greater (P < 0.05) fraction a and c and lower (P < 0.05) fraction b of DM, OM and starch compared to DMG. Both alternative use of in situ technique accurately estimated (P > 0.05) in vivo DM, OM and starch digestibilities. The results suggest that ensilage process may increase the availability of nutrients. The two different applications of in situ technique showed precision and accuracy to estimate in vivo digestibility.

Prediction of 48 h in situ degradability from chemical analyses and in vitro fermentation of sugar cane bagasse treated with varying levels of electron irradiation and ammonia

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 336-337
Author(s):  
D. M. S. S. Vitti ◽  
A. L. Abdalla ◽  
J. C. S. Filho ◽  
N. L. del Mastro ◽  
R. Mauricio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Electron Irradiation ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
In Vitro Fermentation

Sugar cane bagasse is produced in large quantities in Brazil. The cultivated area of sugar cane in recent years has been around 4.2 X 106 ha/year, with a production of about 270 X 106 t/year of cane. As each tonne of cane produces around 300 kg of bagasse by-product, a large quantity of bagasse is generated.Bagasse is of low dry matter (DM) digestibility (about 250 g/kg), because of lignification. Efforts have been made to improve the digestibility of bagasse using treatment with chemicals (sodium hydroxide, ammonia) or steam (Abdalla et al., 1990). Although steam and pressure treatments have improved in situ degradability, intake and digestibility in cattle were disappointing (Mello et al, 1989). Recently treatment of bagasse with irradiation and ammonia have been investigated.

Effects of Processing Methods of Corn and their Thickness on in situ Dry Matter Degradability and in vitro Methane Production

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 308-314
Author(s):  
Do Hyung Kim ◽  
◽  
Chang Hyun Lee ◽  
Yang Won Woo ◽  
Bharanidharan Rajaraman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Processing Methods

Effects of stage of maturity of fermented whole crop wheat on milk production by dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 145-145
Author(s):  
L.A. Sinclair ◽  
R.G. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Wheat Variety ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Cereal Crop ◽  
Urea Treatment ◽  
High Starch ◽  
Two Stages

Previous work conducted with whole crop wheat (WCW) as a forage for dairy cattle has focussed on harvesting the crop at a relatively mature stage and the addition of urea to act as a preservative (e.g. Cammell et al., 1996). Fermented WCW has the potential of being an important complementary forage to grass silage for dairy cows but avoids the addition of large quantities of nitrogen to the crop at ensiling required for urea treatment. However, little work has been conducted to evaluate the effects of stage of maturity of whole crop wheat on subsequent animal performance. The objectives of the current experiment were to examine the effects of stage of maturity of fermented WCW on milk production, liveweight and blood metabolite concentrations of dairy cows.The winter wheat variety Hunter was grown as a conventional cereal crop and cut at two stages of maturity. The first cut (low starch) was when the crop was approximately 300g/kg dry matter (DM) and Zadoks growth stage 71 (watery ripe) and the second (high starch) at approximately 370g/kg DM and growth stage 85 (soft dough).

In vivo apparent digestibility in ponies given rolled, micronised or extruded barley

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 ◽  
pp. 133-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
B M L McLean ◽  
J J Hyslop ◽  
A C Longland ◽  
D Cuddeford ◽  
T Hollands
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Physical Processing ◽  
Adaptation Phase

Processed cereals are used routinely in diets for equines but little information is available on how physical processing affects the digestibility of cereals in equines. This study examines the effects of three physical processing methods (rolling, micronisation and extrusion) on the in vivo apparent digestibility of barley fed to ponies.Three mature caecally-fistulated Welsh-cross pony geldings, (LW 284kg ± 3.8kg) were used in a 3 x 4 incomplete latin square changeover design experiment consisting of four 21 day periods. Each period comprised a sixteen day adaptation phase and a five day recording phase when apparent digestibility in vivo was determined. Ponies were offered 4kg dry matter (DM) per day of either 100% hay cubes (HC) or one of three diets consisting of a 50:50 barley:hay cubes mix. The barley in the mixed diets was either rolled barley (RB), micronised barley (MB) or extruded barley (EB). Diets were offered in 2 equal meals per day fed at 09:00 and 17:00 hours respectively.

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