The effect of changes in nutrient demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 12-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. N. Normanton ◽  
J. G. M. Houdijk ◽  
N. S. Jessop ◽  
D. P. Knox ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Immunological Changes ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism ◽  
Protein Supply

A recent study carried out by Houdijk et al (2005), used a rodent model to assess whether a reduction in protein scarcity during lactation resulted in a reduced degree of parasitism. Feeding high protein foods resulted in a reduced worm burden, but was confounded with increased food intake per se. Therefore, effects observed on parasitism may not necessarily have been associated with an increased protein supply, but with changes in the gut environment due to the increased food intake. Before this model can be used to assess the underlying immune responses, further work is needed to verify that the effects observed are indeed related to changes in nutrient supply. This experiment aimed to provide further evidence on the nutritional control of parasitism during lactation by manipulating nutrient demand. It was expected that the latter would not be associated with changes in food intake per se and results could therefore be used to exclude the influence of non-immunological changes in the gut environment as a contributing factor of reduced parasitism.

The effect of nutrition on the periparturient parasite status of mature ewes

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 523-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Donaldson ◽  
M. F. J. van Houtert ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Dual Infection ◽  
Previous Evidence ◽  
Teladorsagia Circumcincta ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism ◽  
Protein Supply

AbstractThe rôle of nutrition in the periparturient breakdown of resistance to gastrointestinal parasitism in mature ewes was investigated. Host resistance around this period, as measured by faecal egg concentration and worm burden, was sensitive to protein supply and to a lesser extent energy supply and body condition. Resistance was significantly less in ewes bearing and suckling twin lambs than those with singles. Differences in larval intakes spanning the range likely to be experienced in practice did not appear to be important. In dual infection with Teladorsagia circumcincta and Trichostrongylus colubriformis, the breakdown of resistance occurred almost exclusively with T. circumcincta confirming previous evidence of parasite species specificity in the periparturient breakdown of resistance.

A model to account for the consequences of host nutrition on the outcome of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep: model evaluation

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (9) ◽  
pp. 1279-1289 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. VAGENAS ◽  
S. C. BISHOP ◽  
I. KYRIAZAKIS
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Worm Burden ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Sheep Model ◽  
Host Nutrition ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Nutritional Strategies ◽  
Different Levels

SUMMARYThis paper describes sensitivity analyses and expectations obtained from a mathematical model developed to account for the effects of host nutrition on the consequences of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep. The scenarios explored included different levels of parasitic challenge at different planes of nutrition, for hosts differing only in their characteristics for growth. The model was able to predict the consequences of host nutrition on the outcome of parasitism, in terms of worm burden, number of eggs excreted per gram faeces and animal performance. The model outputs predict that conclusions on the ability of hosts of different characteristics for growth to cope with parasitism (i.e. resistance) depend on the plane of nutrition. Furthermore, differences in the growth rate of sheep, on their own, are not sufficient to account for differences in the observed resistance of animals. The model forms the basis for evaluating the consequences of differing management strategies and environments, such as breeding for certain traits associated with resistance and nutritional strategies, on the consequences of gastrointestinal parasitism on sheep.

scholarly journals Multiple Fixed Drug Eruption Mimicking Parapsoriasis en Plaque in a Patient with Hepatitis C Virus Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michie Katsuta ◽  
Akihiko Asahina ◽  
Tetsuo Shiohara
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Drug Eruption ◽  
Hcv Rna ◽  
Fixed Drug Eruption ◽  
Cutaneous Manifestations ◽  
Fixed Drug ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Multiple Drugs

Although hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is often associated with extrahepatic cutaneous manifestations such as lichen planus, it is unclear whether HCV per se or HCV-specific immune responses play a pathophysiological role in the development of HCV-related cutaneous diseases. We recently treated a patient who developed parapsoriasis en plaque-like lesions after ingestion of various drugs. She showed hypersensitivity to multiple drugs after interferon therapy. Her clinical course was complicated by flares of parapsoriasis-like lesions which returned at precisely the same sites. The flares had begun within hours of ingesting nicardipine hydrochloride, amlodipine besilate, candesartan cilexetil and atenolol for the first time despite showing a low level of HCV RNA. Interestingly, the flares gradually subsided during continued treatment with these drugs while her HCV RNA level paradoxically increased: thus, there was an inverse correlation between flares and HCV RNA level. The eruptions were eventually diagnosed as fixed drug eruption, although the clinical manifestations mimicked parapsoriasis en plaque. Our results suggest that multiple drug hypersensitivity could be induced by antiviral immune responses that are cross-reactive to multiple drugs, but not by HCV per se.

scholarly journals The effects of changes in nutritional demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Normanton ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Neil S. Jessop ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Lactating rats experience a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they carry larger worm burdens after re-infection compared to their non-lactating counterparts. Feeding high-protein foods to lactating rats results in reduced worm burdens. This could be attributed to changes in gastrointestinal environment or to overcoming effects of nutrient scarcity on host immunity. The latter hypothesis was addressed through a manipulation of nutrient demand by manipulating litter size. Twenty-three rats were immunized prior to mating and re-infected on day 2 of lactation with 1600 infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. From parturition onwards, rats received ad libitum a low-protein food (100 g crude protein/kg). Litter sizes were standardised to nine (LS9), six (LS6) or three (LS3) pups, by day 2 of lactation. After a further 10 d, LS9 and LS6 rats carried more worms than LS3 rats. However, feeding treatments did not affect concentrations of mucosal inflammatory cells. Achieved feed intake did not differ consistently between the treatment groups. However, LS9 and LS6 rats lost weight, whilst LS3 rats gained weight during lactation. The results support the view that resistance to N. brasiliensis is sensitive to changes in nutrient demand, and the improved resistance to N. brasiliensis is likely due to effects of overcoming nutrient scarcity on host immunity.

scholarly journals T-independent antigen induces humoral memory through germinal centers

2022 ◽  
Vol 219 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Yongshan Zhao ◽  
Hai Qi
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Germinal Center ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Memory B Cells ◽  
Antigen B ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Humoral Responses ◽  
Human And Mouse

T-dependent humoral responses generate long-lived memory B cells and plasma cells (PCs) predominantly through germinal center (GC) reaction. In human and mouse, memory B cells and long-lived PCs are also generated during immune responses to T-independent antigen, including bacterial polysaccharides, although the underlying mechanism for such T-independent humoral memory is not clear. While T-independent antigen can induce GCs, they are transient and thought to be nonproductive. Unexpectedly, by genetic fate-mapping, we find that these GCs actually output memory B cells and PCs. Using a conditional BCL6 deletion approach, we show memory B cells and PCs fail to last when T-independent GCs are precluded, suggesting that the GC experience per se is important for programming longevity of T-independent memory B cells and PCs. Consistent with the fact that infants cannot mount long-lived humoral memory to T-independent antigen, B cells from young animals intrinsically fail to form T-independent GCs. Our results suggest that T-independent GCs support humoral memory, and GC induction may be key to effective vaccines with T-independent antigen.

Nutritional control of gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 ◽  
pp. 11-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.G.M. Houdijk ◽  
N.S. Jessop ◽  
D.P. Knox ◽  
I. Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Host Protein ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Protein Nutrition ◽  
Intestinal Nematode ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Periparturient Period ◽  
Protein Supply

Small ruminant studies have shown that a reduction in protein scarcity, through either an increase in protein supply or reduction in protein demand, results in reduced nematode egg excretion and worm burdens during the periparturient period (Houdijk and Athanasiadou, 2003). Whilst this reduced degree of parasitism indirectly suggests that such nutritional effects are mediated through changes in host immune responses, there is only limited direct evidence for this. A rodent model may be used for directly assessing immune responses that underlie nutritional control of nematode parasites. There is indirect evidence that lactating rats undergo a breakdown of immunity to the intestinal nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Houdijk et al., 2003). Provided that this breakdown is sensitive to protein nutrition, this model may be used for elucidating interactions between nutrition and immunity to parasites. Therefore, we assessed whether breakdown of immunity to N. brasiliensis in the lactating rat is sensitive to host protein nutrition.

scholarly journals Lethal Hepatitis After Gene Transfer of IL-4 in the Liver Is Independent of Immune Responses and Dependent on Apoptosis of Hepatocytes: A Rodent Model of IL-4-Induced Hepatitis

2001 ◽  
Vol 166 (8) ◽  
pp. 5225-5235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Guillot ◽  
Hélène Coathalem ◽  
Jérôme Chetritt ◽  
Anne David ◽  
Pedro Lowenstein ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Rodent Model

Are Scottish Blackface ewes more resistant to nematode parasite infection than Greyface ewes?

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 28-28
Author(s):  
A Kidane ◽  
J G M Houdijk ◽  
B J Tolkamp ◽  
S Athanasiadou ◽  
I Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Nematode ◽  
Parasite Infection ◽  
Nematode Parasite ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Nematode Parasites ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Lower Extent ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Per Se

The extent of periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI) to gastrointestinal nematode parasites is sensitive to metabolisable protein (MP) scarcity but also varies between breeds of sheep (Houdijk, 2008). For example, under ad libitum feeding, Scottish Blackface ewes had a lower extent of PPRI than Greyface ewes (Zaralis et al., 2008). Such between-breed variation in PPRI may not necessarily be associated with genetic resistance per se but could arise from a higher nutrient demand of the more productive Greyface ewes (Houdijk, 2008). This experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that if the extent of PPRI has only a nutritional basis, then the sensitivity of PPRI to MP scarcity will not differ between the breeds when MP feeding is adjusted for between-breed differences in MP demand.

scholarly journals Fetal programming and adult health

2001 ◽  
Vol 4 (2b) ◽  
pp. 611-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith M Godfrey ◽  
David JP Barker
Keyword(s):  
Premature Birth ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Low Birthweight ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Confounding Variables ◽  
Insulin Dependent

AbstractLow birthweight is now known to be associated with increased rates of coronary heart disease and the related disorders stroke, hypertension and non-insulin dependent diabetes. These associations have been extensively replicated in studies in different countries and are not the result of confounding variables. They extend across the normal range of birthweight and depend on lower birthweights in relation to the duration of gestation rather than the effects of premature birth. The associations are thought to be consequences of ‘programming’, whereby a stimulus or insult at a critical, sensitive period of early life has permanent effects on structure, physiology and metabolism. Programming of the fetus may result from adaptations invoked when the materno-placental nutrient supply fails to match the fetal nutrient demand. Although the influences that impair fetal development and programme adult cardiovascular disease remain to be defined, there are strong pointers to the importance of maternal body composition and dietary balance during pregnancy.

Effect of Ascaris suum on growth and expulsion of Hymenolepis diminuta in mice

Parasitology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 83 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling Bindseil ◽  
Jørn Andreassen
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Indirect Effect ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Ascaris Suum ◽  
Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽  
Host Reaction

SUMMARYMice inoculated with 2000 Ascaris suum eggs 7 days before an infection with 2 cysticercoids of Hymenolepis diminuta harboured significantly fewer and/or smaller tapeworms than control mice by day 7 post-infection. When the interval between the infections was increased, the effect on H. diminuta decreased and no effect was found 21 days after the A. suum infection or if the infections were given simultaneously in ńaive or in mice immune to A. suum. Two possible explanations for the rejection and/or stunting of H. diminuta in mice infected 7 days earlier with A. suum are suggested; either a host reaction in the small intestine stimulated by the returning larvae of A. suum after their hepato–pulmonary migration or an indirect effect of decreased food intake of the host caused by this migration. It is concluded that experiments on possible immunodepressive or immunostimulating effects of parasites ought to include studies on living agents and that they should not rely on measurements of immune responses only.

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