The effect of synchronising the supply of energy and protein to the rumen on the short and long-term diet selection of sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
D.H. Anderson ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
J.D. Oldham ◽  
T.G. Papachristou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Selection ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Selection Of

An experiment was carried out to investigate the hypothesis that the diet selection of ruminant animals from two foods of different rapidly rumen degradable protein contents could be affected by the differences in the rate of synchrony between carbohydrate fermentation and degradation of protein in the rumen. The diet selection of the animals was measured both in the 'long-term' (daily) and 'short-term' (2h intervals within the day).Twelve rumen fistulated mature female sheep (liveweight 59.1 kg) were used. Four foods (A,B,C and D) with the same ME (9.6 MJ/kg fresh food) and similar, high metab/sable protein contents were made into pellets. Two of the foods were based on a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate source (barley, A and B foods) and the other two on a slowly fermentable carbohydrate source (plain sugar beet pulp, C and D foods). Within each source one food (A or C) had a low (70) and the other a high (140 g/kg) concentration of effective rumen degradable content (RDP).

The effect of synchronising the supply of energy and protein to the rumen on the short and long-term diet selection of sheep

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 46-46
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
D.H. Anderson ◽  
M. Lewis ◽  
J.D. Oldham ◽  
T.G. Papachristou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diet Selection ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Fresh Food ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Ruminant Animals ◽  
Carbohydrate Fermentation ◽  
Selection Of

An experiment was carried out to investigate the hypothesis that the diet selection of ruminant animals from two foods of different rapidly rumen degradable protein contents could be affected by the differences in the rate of synchrony between carbohydrate fermentation and degradation of protein in the rumen. The diet selection of the animals was measured both in the 'long-term' (daily) and 'short-term' (2h intervals within the day).Twelve rumen fistulated mature female sheep (liveweight 59.1 kg) were used. Four foods (A,B,C and D) with the same ME (9.6 MJ/kg fresh food) and similar, high metab/sable protein contents were made into pellets. Two of the foods were based on a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate source (barley, A and B foods) and the other two on a slowly fermentable carbohydrate source (plain sugar beet pulp, C and D foods). Within each source one food (A or C) had a low (70) and the other a high (140 g/kg) concentration of effective rumen degradable content (RDP).

scholarly journals Food intake and diet selection in sheep: the effect of manipulating the rates of digestion of carbohydrates and protein of the foods offered as a choice

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Kyriazakis ◽  
J. D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Latin Squares ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carbohydrate Source ◽  
Daily Diet ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Selection Of

An experiment was designed to investigate whether the degree of synchrony between the rates of digestion of carbohydrates and N of foods offered as a choice would have an effect, through their consequences, on the short- and long-term diet selection of sheep. Four foods (RL, RH, SL and SH) with the same high metabolizable energy, and similar high metabolizable protein contents were made into pellets. Foods RL and RH were based on a rapidly fermentable carbohydrate source and foods SL and SH on a slowly fermentable carbohydrate source; within each source one food (RL or SL) had a low, and the other (RH or SH) a high, men-degradable protein (RDP) content. The foods within a carbohydrate source were offered either singly or as a choice (RI/RH or SI/SH) to eleven rumen-fistulated mature sheep. The design was two 3 x 3 Latin squares (replicated once) with 5- week periods; squares consisted of two single foods and their respective choice. Weeks 1, 3 and 5 were considered to be controls, and weeks 2 and 4 used for remen infusions of either urea or fructose infused over 4h (10·00-14·00 hours). Food intake (FI) and diet selections (DS) were recorded daily and every 2 h (08·00-16·00 hours) on days 2-5 of each week; m e n pH and NH3 concentrations were also measured during these time intervals of day 5. As expected, feeding treatment affected significantly the rumen measurements: m e n NH3 concentrations were higher on foods RH and SH, and men pH lowest on RL. Daily FI was lowest on treatments SL and choice SI/ The mean daily proportion of the low-RDP food in the selected diet was lower when the carbohydrate source was rapidly (choice RI/RH) rather than slowly fermentable (choice SI/SH); this was consistent with the experimental hypothesis. Short-term infusions affected further rumen variables (in the expected directions), irrespective of feeding treatment. However, DS over the 4 h infusion period were unaffected; these short-term DS were consistent with the ones selected over the longer term (daily). The results suggest that the long-term (daily) diet selection of sheep may be affected by the degree of synchrony of energy and protein to the men. The fact that diet selections were not altered further by short-term manipulations of these supplies might reflect inadequacies of the methodology (infusions) adopted here.

scholarly journals Dilemmas in zirconia bonding: A review

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 395-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kosovka Obradovic-Djuricic ◽  
Vesna Medic ◽  
Slobodan Dodic ◽  
Dragan Gavrilov ◽  
Djordje Antonijevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
The Other ◽  
Zirconia Ceramic ◽  
Bonding Mechanism ◽  
Luting Cements ◽  
Esthetic Dentistry ◽  
Selection Of

This article presents a literature review on the resin bond to zirconia ceramic. Modern esthetic dentistry has highly recognized zirconia, among other ceramic materials. Biocompatibility of zirconia, chemical and dimensional stability, excellent mechanical properties, all together could guarantee optimal therapeutical results in complex prosthodontic reconstruction. On the other hand, low thermal degradation, aging of zirconia as well as problematic bonding of zirconia framework to dental luting cements and tooth structures, opened the room for discussion concerning their clinical durability. The well known methods of mechanical and chemical bonding used on glass-ceramics are not applicable for use with zirconia. Therefore, under critical clinical situations, selection of the bonding mechanism should be focused on two important points: high initial bond strength value and long term bond strength between zirconia-resin interface. Also, this paper emphases the use of phosphate monomer luting cements on freshly air-abraded zirconia as the simplest and most effective way for zirconia cementation procedure today.

scholarly journals Ranking Cultivated Blueberry for Mummy Berry Blight and Fruit Infection Incidence Using Resampling and Principal Components Analysis

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1205-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark K. Ehlenfeldt ◽  
James J. Polashock ◽  
Allan W. Stretch ◽  
Matthew Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
The Other ◽  
Breeding Strategies ◽  
Relative Resistance ◽  
Term Variation ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Infection Stage ◽  
Selection Of

Mummy berry disease of blueberry has two distinct phases: a blighting phase that infects emerging shoots and leaves early in the spring and a flower infection phase that ultimately leads to infected (mummified) fruit. Cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) genotypes that are resistant to one phase are not necessarily resistant to the other phase. The resistance of cultivated blueberry (Vaccinium spp.) genotypes to each phase of the disease is different. A large number of cultivars were screened for resistance to each phase. Cultivar standards (cultivars with well-documented responses to the disease) were used in the screening to evaluate long-term variation and aid comparisons across years. Using nine standards for the blight phase, 125 cultivars were tested and ranked for relative resistance using a ranking system based on resampling and principal component analysis. Similarly, using six standards for the flower/fruit infection stage, 110 blueberry cultivars were tested and ranked for relative resistance. Cultivar rankings show that lowbush cultivars and other types possessing high percentages of lowbush germplasm are generally more resistant to both phases of the disease. Among highbush cultivars, Bluejay is reliably resistant to both phases. Documentation of resistance to each phase will allow selection of cultivars for planting in affected areas and will facilitate the development of breeding strategies to produce cultivars with superior resistance.

scholarly journals Diet selection and animal state: an integrative framework

1999 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilias Kyriazakis ◽  
Bert J. Tolkamp ◽  
Gerry Emmans
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
Diet Selection ◽  
Internal Environment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
State Affect ◽  
Selection Of

In the present paper we deal with the problems of explaining and predicting diet selection of animals under controlled conditions, i.e. conditions that can be described and in which any influences of the environment can be either controlled or at least monitored. Diet selection is considered within an integrative framework of feeding behaviour that views both food intake and diet selection as an outcome of the animal's internal state and knowledge of the feeding environment. Three questions that arise from the framework are considered: (1) how do animals learn about foods available to them as a choice? (2) what changes in internal state affect diet selection? (3) how much time is needed for a change in the animal's internal state to be detected and for it to react to this change through a modification of its diet selection? It is proposed that animals have developed behavioural mechanisms that allow them to recognize foods on the basis of their nutritional as well as other properties. The rate at which animals learn about foods depends largely on the extent of the animal's deficiency and on the extent of the post-ingestive consequences induced by the foods. There is little evidence that animals modify their diet selection in response to short-term systemic fluctuation of their internal environment. On the other hand, long-term changes in the internal state of the animal lead to consequent long-term changes in diet selection. The time needed for a change in diet selection to be observed depends on the deviation created in the animal's internal state, either as a result of a physiological change or as a consequence of feeding. Thus, a more appropriate question to consider is not 'what time period matters to the animal?' but 'how much change or deviation in the internal state is the animal prepared to accept?'

scholarly journals Using the best linear predictor (BLP) in the selection between and among half-sib progenies of the CMS-39 maize population

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-690
Author(s):  
Cleso Antônio Patto Pacheco ◽  
José Ivo Ribeiro Júnior ◽  
Cosme Damião Cruz
Keyword(s):  
Variance Component ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Additive Genetic Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Linear Predictor ◽  
Selection Cycle ◽  
Maize Population ◽  
Best Linear Predictor ◽  
Selection Of

Data of corn ear production (kg/ha) of 196 half-sib progenies (HSP) of the maize population CMS-39 obtained from experiments carried out in four environments were used to adapt and assess the BLP method (best linear predictor) in comparison with to the selection among and within half-sib progenies (SAWHSP). The 196 HSP of the CMS-39 population developed by the National Center for Maize and Sorghum Research (CNPMS-EMBRAPA) were related through their pedigree with the recombined progenies of the previous selection cycle. The two methodologies used for the selection of the twenty best half-sib progenies, BLP and SAWHSP, led to similar expected genetic gains. There was a tendency in the BLP methodology to select a greater number of related progenies because of the previous generation (pedigree) than the other method. This implies that greater care with the effective size of the population must be taken with this method. The SAWHSP methodology was efficient in isolating the additive genetic variance component from the phenotypic component. The pedigree system, although unnecessary for the routine use of the SAWHSP methodology, allowed the prediction of an increase in the inbreeding of the population in the long term SAWHSP selection when recombination is simultaneous to creation of new progenies.

Choosing a Suitable Ultramicrotome, Associated Equipment and the Proper Laboratory Environment for Operation of the System

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 898-899
Author(s):  
John J. Bozzola
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Clear Indication ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Laboratory Environment ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Future Requirement ◽  
One Year ◽  
Selection Of

The selection of an ultramicrotome should always begin with an evaluation of the immediate as well as the long-term needs of the laboratory. If present projects require ultramicrotomy on a regular basis (e.g., more than 5-10 specimens per week) and if this demand will probably continue for more than one year, the acquisition of an ultramicrotome is justified. An intensive, short-term project or an occasional need with no clear indication of a future requirement for ultramicrotomy could best be accommodated by either leasing an ultramicrotome or contracting the work to an individual or corporation. On the other hand, several laboratories with modest needs may wish to pool resources and purchase a shared instrument capable of fulfilling the requirements of each lab.Since new ultramicrotomes cost $20k and up, one may be compelled to acquire a used instrument. Depending upon the age and condition, a used ultramicrotome may be purchased at a cost of $2-15k.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

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