Sensitivity of mammary secretory cell turnover to protein restriction and re-alimentation during early lactation

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 130-130
Author(s):  
M.G. Goodwill ◽  
N.S. Jessop ◽  
J.D. Oldham
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Secretory Cell ◽  
Protein Restriction ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Cell Turnover ◽  
Lactational Performance

Milk production depends on both the number and activity of secretory cells within the mammary gland. Our earlier work showed the sensitivity of lactational performance to changes in diet during lactation (Goodwill et al, 1996). This study investigated the influence of protein undernutrition and re-alimentation on secretory cell proliferation and death in the mammary gland of rats during early lactation.

Effects of two different forage sources on mammary gland growth, mammary cell turnover and activity in early lactation dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tong Qin ◽  
Haoyu Wang ◽  
Dengpan Bu ◽  
Haisheng Hao ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Cell Turnover ◽  
Mammary Cell ◽  
Proliferation And Apoptosis ◽  
Dietary Treatments

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different forage sources on mammary gland growth, mammary cell turnover and activity in early lactation dairy cows. Twelve early lactation cows were randomly assigned to a CS (33.8% corn straw as sole forage) or MF diet (3.7% Chinese wildrye + 28.4% alfalfa hay + 26.5% corn silage as mixed forage). All cows were fed from Week –3 to Week 8, and mammary biopsies were taken on 16 days postpartum. Mammary cell proliferation and apoptosis were determined by immunohistology, and genes expression in mammary were detected by real-time PCR. Results showed that cell proliferation, gene expression of milk proteins and proteins involved in the synthesis of milk components did not differ between two dietary treatments (P > 0.05). However, cows fed the MF diet had a higher IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) expression (P = 0.02), and lower rate of cell apoptosis (P = 0.003) relative to cows fed the CS diet. Collectively, these results suggest that the mammary secretory activity probably was not affected by the dietary treatments, but high quality and mixed forages led to the increased expression of IGF-1R and a larger number of cells in mammary glands, which may be responsible for the higher milk production in early lactation dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effect of Diet and Type of Pregnancy on Transcriptional Expression of Selected Genes in Sheep Mammary Gland

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
María Gallardo ◽  
Juan G. Cárcamo ◽  
Luis Arias-Darraz ◽  
Carlos Alvear
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Cell Turnover ◽  
Transcriptional Expression ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Dorsi Muscle ◽  
Expression Of Genes

These trials were carried out to determine firstly the effect of diet and type of pregnancy on the transcriptional expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and cell turnover/lactogenesis inside the sheep mammary gland from late gestation to late lactation. Eighteen Ile de France sheep, 8 twin- and 10 single-bearing ewes were alloted into two groups according to their diet, either based on ad libitum naturalized pasture or red clover hay plus lupine from day −45 pre-partum until day +60 post-partum. Samples from diets and mammary glands were collected at day −10 pre partum (time 1), day +30 (time 2) and day +60 post-partum (time 3) and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, samples from longissimus dorsi muscle were taken from lambs twice, at weaning and 45 days later, to determine the effect of the maternal treatment with regard to diet and type of pregnancy, on the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The data was processed using the lme4 package for R, and SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows®. The results showed that the group of twin-bearing ewes fed red clover showed a higher expression of genes involved in angiogenesis before lambing and in cell turnover/lactogenesis during late lactation, explained by a lamb survival mechanism to delay apoptosis as a way to keep a secretory cells population and boosted by the diet quality, assuring a longer milk production potential during late lactation. Regarding lambs, apparently the maternal diet would influence the transcriptional expression of lipogenic enzymes in the longissimus dorsi muscle after weaning, but further studies are necessary to validate these results. In summary, Twin-bearing ewes fed red clover performed best at increasing the expression of genes associated with angiogenesis and cell turnover/lactogenesis in the mammary gland.

Increasing metabolisable energy and protein supplementation to stimulate the subsequent milk production during late gestation by increasing proliferation and reducing apoptosis in goat mammary gland prepartum

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1820
Author(s):  
F. Shabrandi ◽  
E. Dirandeh ◽  
Z. Ansari-Pirsaraei ◽  
A. Teimouri-Yansari
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Insulin Like Growth Factor ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Igfbp 3

In total, 32 pregnant goats were assigned randomly to four diets fed from Day 100 of pregnancy to Day 30 after parturition, to determine the effects of metabolisable energy (ME) and metabolisable protein (MP) supplementation levels on feed intake, subsequent colostrum and milk production and expression of genes regulating mammary-cell proliferation and apoptosis. Diets were as follows: (1) diet with ME and MP provided according to NRC recommendations (control), (2) diet with extra 10% ME, (3) diet with extra 10% MP, and (4) diet 1 with 10% extra of both ME and MP. Mammary biopsies were obtained from each udder half 24 h after parturition. Feed intake (g/day), and colostrum (kg/day) and milk (kg/month) production increased when the extra ME and MP were provided together prepartum and in early lactation (P < 0.05). Relative mRNA expressions significantly increased in the mammary gland of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, 4.3-fold), IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R, 3.6-fold) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2, 4.6-fold), whereas insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3, 3.2-fold), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax, 16.7-fold) and the ratio of Bax:Bcl-2 expressions significantly decreased (69.8-fold) with increased ME and MP levels fed in late gestation. In conclusion, colostrum production and milk yield in the early lactation period are sensitive to nutrient supply during gestation, where increased dietary ME as well as MP supplementation levels during late gestation will favour mammary development, by increasing expression of genes stimulating cellular proliferation (IGF-1, IGF-1R, Bcl-2) and reduced those stimulating apoptosis (IGFBP-3, Bax).

CFTR modulates lung secretory cell proliferation and differentiation

2000 ◽  
Vol 279 (2) ◽  
pp. L333-L341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet E. Larson ◽  
Joseph B. Delcarpio ◽  
Michelle M. Farberman ◽  
Susan L. Morrow ◽  
J. Craig Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Secretory Cell ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Cftr Gene ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Cell Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Biochemical Analyses ◽  
Cf Transmembrane Conductance Regulator

We have permanently reversed the lethal phenotype in the cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-deficient (knockout) mouse after in utero gene therapy with an adenovirus containing the cftr gene. The gene transfer targeted somatic stem cells in the developing lung and intestine, and these epithelial surfaces demonstrated permanent developmental changes after treatment. The survival statistics from the progeny of heterozygote-heterozygote matings after in utero cftr gene treatment demonstrated an increased mortality in the homozygous normal pups, indicating that overexpression during development was detrimental. The lungs of these pups revealed accelerated secretory cell proliferation and differentiation. The extent of proliferation and differentiation in the secretory cells of the lung parenchyma after in utero transfer of the cftr gene was evaluated with morphometric and biochemical analyses. These studies provide further support of the regulatory role of the cftr gene in the development of the secretory epithelium.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemical identification of proliferating cell types in mouse mammary gland.

1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1541-1547 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Sapino ◽  
L Macrì ◽  
P Gugliotta ◽  
G Bussolati
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Smooth Muscle Actin ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Myoepithelial Cells ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Staining Procedure ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Alpha Smooth Muscle Actin

To study cell proliferation in different cell types and segments of the mammary gland, we devised a dual staining procedure, combining nuclear labeling by 5-bromo-2'-deoxy-uridine (BrdU) uptake (revealed by a dark-brown precipitate) and an alternative (red or blue) cytoplasmic labeling by antibodies specific for the differentiation proteins of epithelial, myoepithelial, and secretory cell types. The following markers, revealed by APAAP or beta-galactosidase procedure, were selected: alpha-smooth muscle actin for the myoepithelial cells, keratin (detected by AE1 monoclonal) for the luminal epithelial cells, alpha-lactalbumin and beta-casein for the secretory cells. To follow the full process of organogenesis, the study was conducted in mouse mammary glands from virgin, primed, and lactating animals and from glands cultured in vitro under specific hormone stimulation. Cell proliferation was localized mainly in focal areas (end buds), and mostly corresponded to "null" undifferentiated cells. Estrogen and progestin stimulation induced a relative increase of proliferating differentiated cells of either epithelial or myoepithelial type, localized in ducts and alveolar structures. Prolactin stimulation induced proliferation in secretory cells.

Lactational performance and energy utilisation in high yielding cows

2000 ◽  
Vol 2000 ◽  
pp. 10-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.E. Beever ◽  
A.J. Hattan ◽  
S B Cammell ◽  
D.J. Humphries ◽  
A K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Milk Quality ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Energy Depletion ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
The Uk

Significant increases in genetic merit for milk production in the UK dairy herd have led to high and persistent milk yields becoming relatively common. Data relating this level of performance to the extent of the energy deficit in early lactation, possible impact on milk quality and the contribution of mobilised energy to milk production are relatively scarce. The aim of this study was to compare lactational performance in high- (HYC) and average- (AYC) yielding cows and to reconcile changes in body status (liveweight and condition score) of HYC with associated measurements of energy depletion and repletion.

The effects of monensin on milk production and levels of metabolites in blood and rumen fluid of Holstein-Friesian cows in early lactation

1999 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 933 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Granzin ◽  
G. McL. Dryden
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Genetic Merit ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Friesian Cows

Summary. Monensin was fed to Holstein–Friesian cows in early lactation to study its effects on concentrations of blood metabolites, feed intake, body condition and milk production. In the first experiment, 18 Holstein–Friesian cows were randomly stratified into 6 similar groups of cows based on parity and previous milk yield. Cows within these groups were assigned randomly to be fed either 0, 150 or 300 mg of monensin per day. Monensin was fed as a component of a 1 kg grain supplement at 0600 h daily from 14 days prepartum to 84 days postpartum. Mean milk yields (kg/day) of cows supplemented with monensin at 150 mg/day (23.0) and 300 mg/day (23.7) were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of unsupplemented cows (21.1). Milk fat and protein contents were not affected by monensin feeding but daily yields of milk fat and protein differed significantly (P<0.05) between treatments. Monensin supplemented at 300 mg per day significantly (P<0.05) reduced the molar proportion of rumen acetate and increased the molar proportion of rumen propionate. Monensin fed at either 150 or 300 mg/day significantly (P<0.05) increased the ratio of plasma glucose: β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), but had no effect on concentrations of blood acetoacetate, serum nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), plasma glucose or BHB. Monensin had no effect on liveweight change or condition score. In the second experiment, 12 Holstein–Friesian cows in early lactation were blocked on parity into 3 groups of 4 cows, and 2 cows within each block were of either high, or low genetic merit. Monensin (none or 320 mg per day) and genetic merit were assigned as a 2 by 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Monensin supplementation commenced 28 days prepartum and ended 56 days postpartum. Monensin caused a significant (P<0.05) increase in feed intake (21.6 v. 23.2 kg/day) and significantly reduced plasma BHB concentration (64.0 v. 6.7 mg/dL). Cows with a higher genetic merit had a significantly (P<0.05) higher milk yield (27.2 kg/day) compared to cows of low genetic merit (26.3 kg/day). Low genetic merit cows fed monensin had significantly (P<0.05) lower daily milk fat yield, lower serum NEFA concentration and higher plasma glucose concentration compared to low genetic merit cows not fed monensin, or high genetic merit cows. Serum insulin and bovine somatotrophin concentrations were unaffected by the treatments. The results of these experiments suggest that with Holstein–Friesian cows in early lactation, the increase in hepatic propionate supply caused by monensin supplementation increases glucose synthesis and subsequent milk production when the requirements of the mammary gland for glucose are not otherwise being met. If the glucose requirements of the mammary gland are being satisfied, monensin decreases ketogenesis and the mobilisation of adipose tissue. Monensin had a positive effect on intake in this study.

The role of growth hormone, prolactin and insulin-like growth factors in the regulation of rat mammary gland and adipose tissue metabolism during lactation

1992 ◽  
Vol 135 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. Barber ◽  
R. A. Clegg ◽  
E. Finley ◽  
R. G. Vernon ◽  
D. J. Flint
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Lipoprotein Lipase ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽  
Acetyl Coa ◽  
Litter Weight

ABSTRACT Inhibition of prolactin secretion with bromocriptine and neutralization of GH action with a specific antiserum to rat GH (rGH) were used to explore the modes of action of GH and prolactin in maintaining lactation in the rat. Treatment of dams with anti-rGH caused a small reduction in litter weight gain whilst bromocriptine reduced litter weight gain by 50%. When both treatments were combined, however, milk yield ceased completely and this wasaccompanied by a wide variety of effects on mammary lipid metabolism including decreases in the mRNA concentrations of acetyl CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, malic enzyme and lipoprotein lipase. Activities of acetyl CoA carboxylase and lipoprotein lipase were also significantly reduced. Reciprocal changes were evident in adipose tissue with increases in acetyl CoA carboxylase and lipoprotein lipase activities. In conjunction with a decreased lipolytic response to noradrenaline in adipose tissue of animals given the combined treatment of bromocriptine and anti-rGH, this represented a co-ordinated series of changes to reduce lipid synthesis in the mammary gland and enhance lipogenesis and triglyceride storage in adipose tissue as milk production ceased. All of these effects could be prevented in part by concurrent treatment with GH, but insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and IGF-II failed to affect any of the parameters measured. Taken as a whole, these data suggest that (1) both prolactin and GH induce a co-ordinated series of changes in the mammary gland, (2) the intracellular controls involved clearly operate at the level of gene transcription although post-translational controls are also probably involved, (3) the effects of GH on the mammary gland could not be mimicked by IGFs and (4) although GH clearly regulates lipid metabolism in adipose tissue in a manner which should favour nutrient utilization by the mammary gland, these effects are probably too small to account for the effects of GH on milk production. Since GH receptors have not been reported to be present on mammary secretory cells, the precise mode of action of GH remains uncertain. Journal of Endocrinology (1992) 135, 195–202

scholarly journals Calcium Propionate Increased Milk Parameters in Holstein Cows

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Del Conte Martins ◽  
Sérgio Henrique Mioso Cunha ◽  
André Giarola Boscarato ◽  
Jonhatan Soares De Lima ◽  
Jair Dario Esteves Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Calcium Propionate

Background: In the early lactation, dairy cows go through a period of negative energy balance because they do not intake enough food to supply the energetic demand of milk production. In this period, dairy cows are susceptible to metabolic disorders, although has little evidence that milk production contribute to increase diseases occurrence. Some alternatives to minimize metabolic disorders, that reduce milk yield, has been suggested, as increase energy density in the diet of dry cows 21 days before the parturition and include additives in the diet pre and post-partum. The aim of this study was to measure the productive parameters in dairy cows fed calcium salts as energetic source.           Materials, Methods & Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows and the other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups. The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate, T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. The animals were milked twice a day, the first milking at 07:00 am and the second milking at 05:00 pm. Milk samples were collected in plastic containers with potassium dichromate. These samples were sent to the Laboratory of Milk Analysis of the Paranaense Association of Breeders of the Holstein Breed for analysis of fat, protein, lactose and total solids through the infrared method. Throughout the experimental period, the daily production of the animals under study was recorded. The production of milk (kg) was corrected to 3.5% fat using the formula PLA 3.5% = (0.432 + kg milk) + (0.1623 x kg milk x fat content).Discussion: Greater supply of glucose or propionate stimulate milk protein production, but the mechanism of this stimulation is unclear. Milk protein is dependent on energy supply, and deficient energy intake reduces milk protein levels. Calcium propionate provided enough energy supply and increased milk protein levels. The synthesis of lactose has influence in water absorption in mammary gland and lactose determine milk osmolarity. The lactose levels vary according blood glucose, somatic cells count and energy availability for physiological processes. In the literature, rarely has been found greater lactose concentration caused by feed intake, becoming very important the results found in this work. The diet energy concentration and consumption rate determine energy intake, which limit milk yield. Dairy cows in early lactation has marked increased of nutrient requirements to support milk production. Support milk lactose synthesis in the mammary gland is the one of responsible for increase of nutrients requirements. In this period, the glucose demands increases 2 times more than during late gestation. Propionate is converted to glucose in the liver and it will be support lactose synthesis in the mammary gland. Propionate supplementation in this work provided better energetic supply and it is possible to consider, evaluating the milk yield. It was concluded that calcium propionate increased milk parameters like: milk protein, lactose and milk fat. Holstein cows fed calcium propionate had greater milk yield than other groups.

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