On the Rate of Mortality Prevailing amongst the Families of the Peerage during the 19th Century

1861 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 305-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur Hutcheson Bailey ◽  
Archibald Day
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

In a note in the introduction to Milne's Treatise on Annuities, the author remarks—“There can, I think, be no doubt but that the mortality is greater among the higher than the middle classes of society. They form too small a proportion of the population to have any sensible effect here; but it would be of importance to the Life Offices to determine the law of mortality among them.” Since the publication of this work, forty-six years ago, some attempts have been made to test the accuracy of this assertion, and to supply the desideratum; but none with which we are acquainted are by any means conclusive.

scholarly journals Seasonality in Multiple Maternities

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 558-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Fellman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Statistical Research ◽  
Twin Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Correct Association

In the 19th century, a series of international statistical congresses introduced common rules for the national demographic registers. This activity contributed to the genesis of statistical research. During the history of twin research, Hellin's law has played a central role because it is an approximately correct association between the rates of multiple maternities. However, it has been mathematically proven that Hellin's law cannot hold exactly. The majority of all studies of Hellin's law are based on empirical rates of multiple maternities. Such studies can never confirm the law, but only identify errors too large to be characterized as random. It is of particular interest to examine why the rates of higher multiple maternities are sometimes too high or too low when Hellin's law is used as a benchmark. However, divergences from the law are often difficult to explain and/or eliminate. Different improvements to the law have been proposed. In this article, we study the seasonality of multiple maternities. We apply Hellin's law to compare the seasonality of twin and triplet rates.

scholarly journals Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 95-107
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Peres
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Real Property ◽  
Land Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars The paper discusses the Hungarian legislation that regulated the ownership referring to real property in the period between the World Wars. The discussion included also the review of the law on colonization and division of the land, as well as the law on bank loans offered to those who were professionally engaged in farming. In addition, the authoress made an analysis of the archaic institution of fideicomissum. While depicting the background of legislative efforts of the time, the authoress recalled the developments that took place prior to the discussed changes in the ownership relationships. Therefore she discussed also the 19th century reforms that abolished serfdom and serf labour, introduced the land and mortgage register etc.

scholarly journals Opportunities to craftsmanship education in the late 1800s under the Industrial Code of 1884

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Kanczné Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

The study explores the possibilities of becoming an industrialist by examining an industrial law published in the second half of the 19th century. It focuses on the process of children and young people becoming industrialists. It shows what conditions and permits were needed to start the industry. It highlights the rules that have played a role in educating apprentices. From the analysis, we can form a picture of the contemporary process of becoming an apprentice, the life of the child, the circumstances of their schooling. The range of professions available in the late 1800s is also presented. At the same time, the spirit of the law, its values, and its commitment to the development of industry are outlined.

scholarly journals EDWARDA MUSZALSKIEGO KONCEPCJA NARODOWEGO PRAWA CYWILNEGO

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 237
Author(s):  
Ewa Kozerska ◽  
Tomasz Scheffler
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Labor Legislation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

Edward Muszalski’s Idea of National Private LawSummary The paper presents the views of Polish lawyer Edward Muszalski on the state of private law in Europe and Poland of the interwar period and his proposals for changes. Muszalski assumed that the law was shaped by two schools of thought : liberal and socialist. In the 18th and 19th century the liberal school dominated, the result of which was the creation of the Napoleonic Code and the BGB. In the 19th century, socialism also influenced the law, which resulted in the creation of labor legislation and trade unions. In the 20th century, the bad qualities of both schools came together in the law of the Soviet Union. However it was possible to combine the good qualities of liberal and socialist law by assuming that the fundamental category of private law is the nation. According to Muszalski, national private law assumes, among others, the dominance of common law over statues, limitation of property rights, strengthening of family stability, limiting rights of will making and abandoning the principle of the will of the parties as the basis for interpreting contracts. Attempts to create national private law were made in Germany under the rule of Hitler and in Italy under the rule of Mussolini. However in both cases full-range law reforms failed, and in both countries private law remains liberal.

"recht erzählen"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Stolleis
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Legal History ◽  
Scientific Work ◽  
Regional Studies ◽  
Border Area ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Law ◽  
Early Modern Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

Anyone engaged in "narrating the law" moves in the border area between scientific work and fictional narration. It is a balancing act not to falsify the expression of historical actors handed down in sources and to convey them as legal history(s) to one's own contemporaries. In this volume, Michael Stolleis chooses the path of vivid individual cases that combine to form a Palatine panorama. The arc of the regional studies set on the Rhine and Neckar stretches from early modern times to the 19th century. We encounter Palatine wedding couples, Frankfurt lawyers, silk farmers, the fates of migrants and the way the authorities dealt with beggars in the Electoral Palatinate. The tense relationship between Bavaria and the Palatinate came to a head in the Palatinate-Baden uprising (1849). The fact that a Neustadt ropemaker named Georg Stolleis appears among the revolters is only one surprising detail of these rich narratives of the law.

scholarly journals Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 317-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
FILIPPO OSELLA ◽  
CAROLINE OSELLA
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
South Asian ◽  
South India ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Social Activism ◽  
Religious Communities ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
Asian Society ◽  
The 19Th Century

AbstractThis paper critiques ethnographic tendencies to idealise and celebratesufi‘traditionalism’ as authentically South Asian. We perceive strong academic trends of frank distaste for reformism, which is then inaccurately—and dangerously buttressing Hindutva rhetoric—branded as going against the grain of South Asian society. This often goes along with (inaccurate) branding of all reformism as ‘foreign inspired’ orwah'habi. Kerala'sMujahids(Kerala Naduvathul Mujahideen [KNM]) are clearly part of universalistic trends and shared Islamic impulses towards purification. We acknowledge the importance to KNM of longstanding links to the Arab world, contemporary links to the Gulf, wider currents of Islamic reform (both global and Indian), while also showing how reformism has been producing itself locally since the mid-19th century. Reformist enthusiasm is part of Kerala-wide patterns discernable across all religious communities: 1920s and 1930s agitations for a break from the 19th century past; 1950s post-independence social activism; post 1980s religious revivalism. Kerala's Muslims (like Kerala Hindus and Christians) associate religious reformism with: a self-consciously ‘modern’ outlook; the promotion of education; rallying of support from the middle classes. There is a concomitant contemporary association of orthoprax traditionalism with ‘backward’, superstitious and un-modern practices, troped as being located in rural and low-status locations.

Rechtsbrüche

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Society ◽  
90Th Birthday ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

‘The legal world finds itself in a state of self-imposed immaturity.’ This was Rudolf Wiethölter’s assessment in 1968, which reflected his discomfort with the law. What help could the political society at that time, which wanted to implement democracy earnestly, expect from a form of law which was influenced by the authoritarian state of the 19th century? It was not possible to make the law relevant to the present and to understand it with other theories using the 19th century ideal of the ‘Juristen als solchen’, the jurist who focuses solely on applying the letter of the law rather than taking extra legal matters into account. The law needed to be clarified, with society needing to know what its rights were and with the law itself needing to understand itself. What about the situation today? Has Germany, as a democratic constitutional and welfare state founded on its Basic Law, come to understand itself in terms of the law? How can the law open up access to politics? What is the state of critical jurisprudence? On the occasion of Rudolf Wiethölter’s 90th birthday, the appraisals of his concepts conducted by the contributions in this book avoid the cosiness and sentimentality adopted by most Festschriften by consistently focusing on his key works and re-evaluating them according to circumstances today, which makes clear that explaining the law requires a reconstruction of its promises and disappointments. Only then can the law understand why breaches of the law by reality can further its own development.

The “Orient” in Florence (19th Century). From Oriental Studies to the Collection of Islamic Art, from a Reconstruction of the “Orient” to the Exotic Dream of the Rising Middle Class

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
Maria Giovanna Stasolla
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Islamic Art ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Oriental Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Applied Arts

Abstract The second half of the 19th Century was in Florence a period of extraordinary and fruitful interest in the oriental world when the philological and oriental studies were promoted. Thanks to the fervour of these studies, in 1878 Florence was designated to host the 4th Congress of the Orientalists. The “Orient” excited curiosity and collecting passion to such an extent that we could argue that the legacy of the magnificent Medicean collecting was inherited by the private middle-classes. Moreover, the new cultural context contributed to transforming the taste, it gave rise to new styles in architecture as well as in decoration and generally in the applied arts. After examining these topics, we will focus our attention on a little known fact that we could describe as the rebuilt “Orient” for entertainment, that is to say the Florentine Carnival in 1886, an event of the “disquieting” exoticism by which Europe represented the Islamic world.

scholarly journals A nemzetiségi törvény szlovák szemmel

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Barna Ábrahám
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

As a starting point, the study underlines that one cannot speak about a homogenous Slovak nation and politics in the middle of the 19th century; therefore, it gives an overview of the plebeian-middle-class movement, of its system of values, programme, and documents in 1848—1849, 1861, and in the period of the Compromise negotiations. Afterwards, it presents the nobility of Upper Hungary, with a Slovak mother tongue and ethnic feeling, who, according to its identity in the framework of the states, has belonged to the feudal Natio Hungarica. As the narrower focus of the study, the author takes the Slovak perspective and summarizes the ethnic dimensions of the activity of parliaments in 1861 and from 1865 on. The Slovak national movement could not send its own deputy, the interests of the Slavs of northern Hungary thus being represented by Adolf Dobriansky, born as a Ruthenian; however, the Nationalities Law, Art. 1868: XLIV. could be codified rather due to the mentioned Slovak-speaking nobility, standing behind the party of Ferenc Deák. Finally, we are provided a picture of the rival programmes of different newspapers that divided the Slovak public opinion, and in connection with the law we can read about their first reactions and experiences.

scholarly journals Investigatory Records from the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region as a Source for Studying State – Old Believers Relations in the Second Quarter of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 1007-1019
Author(s):  
Victoria V. Mashkovtseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Physical Punishment ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Central State ◽  
Old Believers ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article analyzes the investigatory documentation from the fonds of the Central State Archive of the Kirov Region, containing important information on the history of state – Old Believers relations of the second quarter of the 19th century. The choice of sources comes from the fact that at that period, a very hard line was taken with Old Believers, numerous restrictions and prohibitions regulating all aspects of their religious and cultural life. In particular, the law imposed a ban on construction of new religious buildings, as well as on repair of dilapidated chapels; these were denied all external attributes of Orthodox churches. The law did not allow ordination of Old Believers ministers and limited their movement while performing spiritual rites. Finally, the legislation prohibited spreading of Old Faith and “seduction into the Raskol.” In case of violation of these laws and regulations, the Old Believers were subjected to various punishments. The study is based on investigatory documentation which testifies of repressive policies towards Old Believers. These records tell of the Old Believers’ reaction to the confessional policy and characterize the system of punishments. Among punishments used against Old Believers physical punishment (lashing), imprisonment (term of which was determined by the gravity of deed), and exile to the Transcaucasian (which included military service in the army) were prevalent. Most informative of all used sources are reports of bailiffs and uezd police officers, which contain important data on the progress of investigation, as well as property inventories compiled when searching Old Believers dwellings and chapels. On the whole, the studied investigatory records allow to trace the implementation of confessional policy in one region in the specified period of time and to determine its ultimate goal, that is, elimination of Old Believers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document