scholarly journals Rebound from the Permian/Triassic mass extinction: evolutionary paleoecology of sequential early Triassic (Smithian to Spathian) marine paleocommunities

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 261-261
Author(s):  
Jennifer K. Schubert ◽  
David J. Bottjer
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Biotic Recovery ◽  
The Status ◽  
Life Habits ◽  
Stalked Crinoids ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

The Permian/Triassic mass extinction, the most devastating biotic crisis of the Phanerozoic, has aroused considerable scientific interest. However, because research has focused primarily on understanding the magnitude of diversity reduction and causal mechanisms, the nature and timing of biotic recovery in the Early Triassic are still poorly understood. Marine limestones in the Lower Triassic Moenkopi Formation, which disconformably overlies the Upper Permian of southeastern Nevada and southern Utah, provide a rare opportunity to study the aftermath of the mass extinction in shallow water carbonate environments.Two contemporaneous members of the Moenkopi record the first marine incursion from the northwest in the Early Triassic (Smithian), the very sparsely fossiliferous marginal marine Schnabkaib Member in Nevada and southwest Utah, and the Sinbad Limestone in central-southern Utah, a marine unit dominated by amalgamated and condensed fossil-rich beds. The Virgin Limestone member was deposited during a subsequent (Spathian) Early Triassic sea level rise, about 4-5 Ma following the Permian/Triassic boundary, and includes nearshore and inner shelf limestones characterized by fossiliferous storm beds.Because the fossiliferous limestones of the Smithian Sinbad and the Spathian Virgin were deposited in similar shallow subtidal settings, they provide an opportunity to compare and contrast the status of biotic rebound at different points along an Early Triassic “time transect.” Analysis of bulk samples reveals that the older Sinbad and younger Virgin are similar in each possessing 2-3 different benthic marine paleocommunities of low within-habitat species richness. There are, however, several important differences between the Sinbad and Virgin faunas. The richly fossiliferous Sinbad assemblages are primarily molluscan, composed of approximately 2-8 species of bivalves, which may or may not be accompanied by ammonoids and 0-11 species of gastropods. Small spines, possibly belonging to an echinoid, are numerous in some samples. Although bivalves are also abundant in Virgin Limestone assemblages, fossils of other higher taxa are well-represented, including abundant crinoid ossicles, common brachiopods, echinoid spines and plates, and rare ammonoids and gastropods. Sinbad faunas also appear to lack epibionts and borers, while they are present but not abundant in the Virgin.The addition from Sinbad to Virgin times of groups other than molluscs, with different life habits and strategies, most likely led to an increase in spatial partitioning and resource utilization, in particular the development of epifaunal tiering with the appearance of stalked crinoids in the Virgin. This pattern of earliest Triassic community dominance by molluscs followed by later more “Paleozoic-like” communities has been observed in other regions. Earliest Triassic paucity of epibionts and borers indicates significant reduction in the biotic component of taphonomic processes, including taphonomic feedback, when compared with other time intervals. Data from these Early Triassic assemblages thus indicate the initiation of both an evolutionary and an ecological rebound between Sinbad (Smithian) and Virgin (Spathian) times.

scholarly journals Archosauriform footprints in the Lower Triassic of Western Alps and their role in understanding the effects of the Permian-Triassic hyperthermal

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e10522
Author(s):  
Fabio Massimo Petti ◽  
Heinz Furrer ◽  
Enrico Collo ◽  
Edoardo Martinetto ◽  
Massimo Bernardi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Western Alps ◽  
Large Igneous Province ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Habitable Zones ◽  
Single Well ◽  
Permian Mass Extinction ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

The most accepted killing model for the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME) postulates that massive volcanic eruption (i.e., the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province) led to geologically rapid global warming, acid rain and ocean anoxia. On land, habitable zones were drastically reduced, due to the combined effects of heating, drought and acid rains. This hyperthermal had severe effects also on the paleobiogeography of several groups of organisms. Among those, the tetrapods, whose geographical distribution across the end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) was the subject of controversy in a number of recent papers. We here describe and interpret a new Early Triassic (?Olenekian) archosauriform track assemblage from the Gardetta Plateau (Briançonnais, Western Alps, Italy) which, at the Permian-Triassic boundary, was placed at about 11° North. The tracks, both arranged in trackways and documented by single, well-preserved imprints, are assigned to Isochirotherium gardettensis ichnosp. nov., and are here interpreted as produced by a non-archosaurian archosauriform (erytrosuchid?) trackmaker. This new discovery provides further evidence for the presence of archosauriformes at low latitudes during the Early Triassic epoch, supporting a model in which the PTME did not completely vacate low-latitude lands from tetrapods that therefore would have been able to cope with the extreme hot temperatures of Pangaea mainland.

scholarly journals Exceptional fossil assemblages confirm the existence of complex Early Triassic ecosystems during the early Spathian

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. A. Smith ◽  
Thomas Laville ◽  
Emmanuel Fara ◽  
Gilles Escarguel ◽  
Nicolas Olivier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Single Site ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Biotic Recovery ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

AbstractThe mass extinction characterizing the Permian/Triassic boundary (PTB; ~ 252 Ma) corresponds to a major faunal shift between the Palaeozoic and the Modern evolutionary fauna. The temporal, spatial, environmental, and ecological dynamics of the associated biotic recovery remain highly debated, partly due to the scarce, or poorly-known, Early Triassic fossil record. Recently, an exceptionally complex ecosystem dated from immediately after the Smithian/Spathian boundary (~ 3 myr after the PTB) was reported: the Paris Biota (Idaho, USA). However, the spatiotemporal representativeness of this unique assemblage remained questionable as it was hitherto only reported from a single site. Here we describe three new exceptionally diverse assemblages of the same age as the Paris Biota, and a fourth younger one. They are located in Idaho and Nevada, and are taxonomic subsets of the Paris Biota. We show that the latter covered a region-wide area and persisted at least partially throughout the Spathian. The presence of a well-established marine fauna such as the Paris Biota, as soon as the early Spathian, indicates that the post-PTB biotic recovery and the installation of complex ecosystems probably took place earlier than often assumed, at least at a regional scale.

A new faunistic component of the Lower Triassic Panchet Formation of India increases the continental non-archosauromorph neodiapsid record in the aftermath of the end-Permian mass extinction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Martín D. Ezcurra ◽  
Saswati Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Kasturi Sen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Dorsal Margin ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Continental Deposits ◽  
Biotic Recovery ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Permian Mass Extinction

Abstract The fossil record of Early Triassic diapsids is very important to understand how the end-Permian mass extinction affected ecosystems and the patterns and processes involved in the subsequent biotic recovery. Vertebrate fossil assemblages of continental deposits in current-day South Africa, China, and Russia are the best source of information of this clade during the aftermath of the extinction event. Although considerably less sampled, the Induan continental rocks of the Panchet Formation of the Damodar Basin (eastern India) have also yielded a relatively diverse vertebrate assemblage composed of fishes, temnospondyls, synapsids, and a single proterosuchid taxon. Here, we report on a small isolated diapsid partial ilium (ISIR 1132) from the upper Panchet Formation. This specimen has a distinct morphology compared to other tetrapods that we know, including a shallow emargination on the dorsal margin of the anterior portion of the iliac blade, and ratio between height of iliac blade versus maximum height of iliac acetabulum at level of the dorsalmost extension of supraacetabular crest ≤0.45. Comparisons and a quantitative phylogenetic analysis found ISIR 1132 as a non-archosauromorph neodiapsid. This new specimen expands the reptile diversity in the Panchet Formation as well as for the rest of Gondwana, where Early Triassic non-archosauromorph neodiapsid species are extremely scarce.

Marine Early Triassic Actinopterygii from the Candelaria Hills (Esmeralda County, Nevada, USA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 93 (5) ◽  
pp. 971-1000
Author(s):  
Carlo Romano ◽  
Adriana López-Arbarello ◽  
David Ware ◽  
James F. Jenks ◽  
Winand Brinkmann
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Bony Fishes ◽  
Mass Extinction Event ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

AbstractA new locality for low-latitudinal, Early Triassic fishes was discovered in the Candelaria Hills, southwestern Nevada (USA). The fossils are derived from the lower Candelaria Formation, which was deposited during the middle–late Dienerian (late Induan), ca. 500 ka after the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction event. The articulated and disarticulated Osteichthyes (bony fishes), encompassing both Actinistia (coelacanths) and Actinopterygii (ray-fins), are preserved in large, silicified concretions that also contain rare coprolites. We describe the first actinopterygians from the Candelaria Hills. The specimens are referred toPteronisculus nevadanusnew species (Turseoidae?),Ardoreosomus occidentalisnew genus new species (Ptycholepidae), the stem neopterygianCandelarialepis argentusnew genus new species (Parasemionotidae), and Actinopterygii indet. representing additional taxa.Ardoreosomusn. gen. resembles other ptycholepids, but differs in its more angulate hyomandibula and lack of an elongate opercular process.Candelarialepisn. gen. is one of the largest parasemionotids, distinguished by its bipartite preopercle and scale ornamentation. Presented new species belong to genera (Pteronisculus) or families (Ptycholepidae, Parasemionotidae) that radiated globally after the mass extinction, thus underlining the striking similarities between Early Triassic (pre-Spathian) osteichthyan assemblages. The current data suggest that the diversity of low-latitudinal, Early Triassic bony fishes may have been greater than indicated thus far by the fossil record, probably due to sampling or taphonomic failure. All 24 fossils from the Candelaria Hills represent mid-sized or large osteichthyans, confirming the obvious absence of very small species (≤ 10 cm adult body length) in the beginning of the Mesozoic Era—even in low latitudes.UUID:http://zoobank.org/6a66ac96-d6b7-4617-94db-5a93cdb14215

The Permian–Triassic boundary in continental sedimentary succession at the SE margin of the Central European Basin (Holy Cross Mountains, Poland)

2020 ◽  
Vol 157 (11) ◽  
pp. 1767-1780
Author(s):  
Karol Jewuła ◽  
Wiesław Trela ◽  
Anna Fijałkowska-Mader
Keyword(s):  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Central European ◽  
Holy Cross Mountains ◽  
Central European Basin ◽  
Stratigraphic Framework ◽  
Marginal Part ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractWe studied the upper Permian and Lower Triassic deposits from the northern and northwestern marginal part of the Holy Cross Mountains (SE part of the Central European Basin or CEB, Poland) to examine stratigraphic continuity between these two systems, and to revise the currently existing stratigraphic framework. A previously existing informal lithostratigraphic scheme has been revisited and placed in a broader chronostratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental context. Sedimentary continuity across the Permian–Triassic (P/T) boundary has been confirmed by the presence of Lueckisporites virkkiae Bc morphological norm and Lundbladispora obsoleta–Protohaploxypinus pantii palynomorphs. Facies development reflects an interplay between climatic variations and tectonism during late Permian – Early Triassic time. The P/T boundary was placed between the Siodła Formation and overlying Szczukowice and Jaworzna formations, which coincides with the classical Zechstein–Buntsandstein boundary in the SE part of the CEB. The facies changes recorded in the studied terrestrial succession of the P/T boundary shed light on the environmental dynamic prior, during and after one of the biggest biotic crises in Earth’s history.

Brachiopod assemblages from the Upper Permian and Permian–Triassic boundary beds, South China

1980 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liao Zhuo-Ting
Keyword(s):  
South China ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Assemblage Zone ◽  
Abundance And Diversity ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

Uppermost Permian (Changhsingian) brachiopods are abundant and diverse in South China; thus far, 60 genera and 130 species have been described from the Changhsing Formation. Two distinctive brachiopod faunas can readily be identified from a single Changhsingian zone, the Peltichia zigzag–Paryphella sulcatifera Assemblage Zone. The abundance and diversity of the faunas are controlled to a large degree by lithofacies. The Peltichia zigzag, Spinomarginifera alpha fauna occurs in a limestone facies and the Paryphella sulcatifera, Paracrurithyris pigmea fauna occurs in a clastic (siliceous) facies. At many locations in South China, a "mixed fauna," containing Permian-like brachiopods and Lower Triassic ammonoids and bivalves, occurs directly above the Permian–Triassic boundary. The association of Permian elements mixed with Triassic elements suggests that deposition was more or less continuous across the Permian Triassic boundary and that an unconformity does not occur at the boundary in much of South China.

Upper Permian and Lower Triassic palynomorphs from eastern Yunnan, China

1982 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ouyang Shu
Keyword(s):  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Lower Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

In eastern Yunnan the Upper Permian Lungtan and Changhsing Formations and the Lower Triassic Kayitou Formation each contain a characteristic assemblage of spores and pollen.The Torispora gigantea – Patellisporites meishanensis assemblage in the Lungtan Formation contains abundant pteridophyte and pteridosperm spores and few gymnosperm pollen. Some genera are known from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian of Europe but most are Cathaysian. The Yunnanospora radiata – Gardenasporites assemblage in the Changhsing Formation has a Paleozoic aspect but characteristic Mesozoic genera and species occur. The Lundbladispora–Aratrisporites–Pteruchipollenites assemblage in the Kayitou Formation contains numerous pteridophyte and pteriodosperm spores and gymnosperm pollen; some Paleozoic genera occur (Crassispora, Lycospora?, Stellisporites, Thymospora, Torispora, Triparites, Triquitrites, and Waltzispora), but Mesozoic genera predominate. Thirty metres above the base of the Kayitou Formation gymnosperm pollen, especially that of conifers, becomes dominant.It is suggested that the Carboniferous and Lower Permian species in the Changhsing Formation and the Paleozoic genera in the Kayitou Formation are not reworked but are indigenous and that the composition of the resulting microflora reflects the parent flora. The presence of this microflora in Lower Triassic rocks suggests that, at least locally, sedimentation was essentially continuous across the Permian–Triassic boundary.

scholarly journals Erosional unconformity at the base of marine Lower Triassic at Wegener Halvø, central East Greenland

1977 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 103-107
Author(s):  
K Birkenmajer
Keyword(s):  
Lower Triassic ◽  
Upper Permian ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
East Greenland ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary

The Permian-Triassic boundary in East Greenland has been studied mainly in the areas of Kap Stosch (Nielsen, 1935; Teichert & Kummel, 1973) and Wegener Halvø (Triimpy, 1961; Grasmiick & Triimpy, 1%9), and to alesser extent in western Scoresby Land (AelIen, in Triimpy, 1%1; Perch-Nielsen et al., 1972, 1974). According to Nielsen (1935) the boundary is not recognisable in the westernmost exposures at Kap Stosch where the lowermost Triassic Glyptophiceras triviale Zone was found. Further to the east the boundary is marked by a sharp change in facies from limy or shaly (Upper Permian) to sandy (Lower Triassic) deposits, the G. triviale Zone is missing, and locally a minor conglomerate appears at the base of the Triassic.

scholarly journals The first data on the n-isotopic composition of the Permian and Triassic of North-Eastern Russia and their significance for palaeotemperature reconstructions

2019 ◽  
Vol 484 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Y. D. Zakharov ◽  
A. S. Biakov ◽  
M. Horacek ◽  
N. A. Goryachev ◽  
I. L. Vedernikov
Keyword(s):  
Isotopic Composition ◽  
Mass Extinction ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Late Permian ◽  
Triassic Boundary ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Permian Triassic Boundary ◽  
Eastern Russia

It is proposed that oscillating temperature conditions in the late Wuchiapingian and early Changhsingian (Late Permian) followed in the Boreal Superrealm to less variable climatic conditions in the late Changhsingian and early Induan (the time of trap formation of the Siberian Platform), with stable trend of increasing temperature in the Early Triassic. The Problem of the absence of signs of mass extinction of marine organisms at the Permian-Triassic boundary in the Boreal Superrealm is discussed.

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