The Effect of Segregation on Intergroup Relations

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Enos ◽  
Christopher Celaya
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Residential Segregation ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Ethnic Residential Segregation

AbstractInter-ethnic residential segregation is correlated with intergroup bias and conflict, poorly functioning states and civil societies, weak economic development, and ethnocentric political behavior. As such, segregation has been a subject of long-standing interest. However, segregation has not been assigned in randomized controlled trials, so the observed correlations may be spurious and the mechanism behind these correlations is poorly understood. In two experiments, we randomly assign segregation in a laboratory and demonstrate that segregation affects perceptions of other people and causes intergroup bias in costly decision-making. Rather than segregation merely inhibiting intergroup contact, we demonstrate that segregation directly affects perception and thus can affect intergroup relations even when holding contact constant.

scholarly journals Active cutaneous warming systems to prevent intraoperative hypothermia: a systematic review

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa de Brito Poveda ◽  
Edson Zangiacomi Martinez ◽  
Cristina Maria Galvão
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Circulating Water ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Intraoperative Hypothermia ◽  
The Cost

This study analyzed the evidence available in the literature concerning the effectiveness of different active cutaneous warming systems to prevent intraoperative hypothermia. This is a systematic review with primary studies found in the following databases: CINAHL, EMBASE, Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials and Medline. The sample comprised 23 randomized controlled trials. There is evidence in the literature indicating that the circulating water garment system is the most effective in maintaining patient body temperature. These results can support nurses in the decision-making process concerning the implementation of effective measures to maintain normothermia, though the decision of health services concerning which system to choose should also take into account its cost-benefit status given the cost related to the acquisition of such systems.

scholarly journals Shared decision making for men facing prostate cancer treatment: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

2019 ◽  
Vol Volume 13 ◽  
pp. 1153-1174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahara Anani Martínez-González ◽  
Andreas Plate ◽  
Stefan Markun ◽  
Oliver Senn ◽  
Thomas Rosemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Cancer Treatment ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Shared Decision Making ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Shared Decision ◽  
Prostate Cancer Treatment ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Reducing intergroup bias through intergroup contact: Twenty years of progress and future directions

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 606-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
John F. Dovidio ◽  
Angelika Love ◽  
Fabian M. H. Schellhaas ◽  
Miles Hewstone
Keyword(s):  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Intergroup Bias ◽  
Contact Theory ◽  
Conceptual Foundation ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Equitable Outcomes

Classic research on the contact hypothesis focused on the direct relationship between the antecedents (conditions under which contact occurs) and the outcomes (primarily, the reduction of prejudice) of intergroup contact. Recent work has taken a broader view of contact processes and effects. We review key developments over the past 20 years, identifying different forms of contact, factors that mediate and moderate the effects of contact, and both the nature and temporal stage and the varied outcomes of contact. We then identify several research directions to address pressing theoretical and practical issues. These issues concern (a) group processes and intergroup relations, (b) intergroup contact in the context of multiple categorization, (c) structural- and individual-level processes, (d) a broader range of individual-level outcomes (e.g., health), and (e) impact on social change. Contact theory and research provides a comprehensive conceptual foundation, allied to a range of powerful empirical techniques, for important new advances and practical applications for improving intergroup relations and producing more equitable outcomes across groups.

scholarly journals Prevention of Dementia: Focus on Lifestyle

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Cristina Polidori ◽  
Gereon Nelles ◽  
Ludger Pientka
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Lifestyle Interventions ◽  
Prospective Cohort Studies ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Lifestyle Measures ◽  
Large Prospective Cohort

The objective of this paper is to summarize current knowledge on the possible advantages of lifestyle interventions, with particular attention to physical fitness, cognitive activity, leisure and social activity as well as nutrition. There is a large amount of published papers providing partial evidence and asserting the need for immediate, appropriate preventive lifestyle measures against dementia and AD development. Nevertheless, there are currently great difficulties in drafting effective guidelines in this field. This depends mainly upon lack of randomized controlled trials assessing benefits versus risks of particular lifestyle interventions strategies. However, due to the rapid increase of dementia burden, lifestyle factors and their amelioration should be already made part of decision making in light of their health-maintaining effects while awaiting for results of well-designed large prospective cohort studies in dementia.

Clinical and Imaging Assessment, Staging and Decision Making in Laryngeal Cancers

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
Rakesh Badhe
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Oncological Safety ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Abstract Cancer of the larynx has numerous implications—respiration, swallowing and speech, besides disability, vocational, recreational, etc. There are numerous treatment options which have been proven to be effective with randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis’. Often, the choice of modality offered to the patient is tailored to the patient's requirements as regard to his/her domestic, vocational and recreational environment. Although we may have a plethora of options for patients belonging to each stage of the disease, there are certain guidelines which must be adhered to in order to prevent any compromise of oncological safety. This article focuses on the planning of the treatment options based on various assessment modalities.

scholarly journals Quality of Stroke Patient Information Applied in Randomized Controlled Trials—Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Alegiani ◽  
Anne C. Rahn ◽  
Anke Steckelberg ◽  
Götz Thomalla ◽  
Christoph Heesen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trials ◽  
Stroke Patient ◽  
Patient Information ◽  
Quality Criteria ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Information Materials

Background: Strokes have a huge impact on patients' quality of life. Although there are potentially effective secondary preventions and treatment options for stroke patients, adherence is mostly low. Low disease and treatment-related knowledge and, consequently, a lack of informed decision-making in stroke patients may contribute to this problem. However, stroke patient information did not seem to have relevant effects on patients' knowledge in randomized controlled trials. One contributing factor may be the lack of thoroughly developed patient information materials.Methods: We aimed to evaluate the quality of patient information materials for stroke patients by using randomized controlled trials, applying quality criteria for evidence-based patient information (EBPI). We conducted a literature search (MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and CENTRAL). To be included in the review, research had to be randomized controlled trials that provided stroke patient information, were published in English, and had knowledge assessed as the primary endpoint. Authors of primary studies were contacted and asked for information materials applied.Results: We screened 15,507 hits and identified 30 eligible studies. Information materials were available for only eight studies. Analyses revealed that all available materials had important shortcomings concerning EBPI quality criteria [concerning, for example, structural information (e.g., reporting conflicts of interest), content information (e.g., reporting sources of information), or comprehensive descriptions of treatment effects and side effects]. Frequently, treatment effects were reported only narratively without providing absolute numbers, values, or frequencies.Conclusion: Quality of materials differed, but none sufficiently fulfilled EBPI quality criteria. Unsatisfactory trial results concerning patient knowledge and patient involvement in decision-making may at least partially be explained by limitations of the provided materials. Future patient information should consider EBPI quality criteria.

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