What Is on the Outside Matters—Surface Charge and Dissolve Organic Matter Association Affect the Toxicity and Physiological Mode of Action of Polystyrene Nanoplastics to C. elegans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin L. Schultz ◽  
Sylvain Bart ◽  
Elma Lahive ◽  
David J. Spurgeon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Dissolve Organic Matter ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
C Elegans

scholarly journals Natural variation in Caenorhabditis elegans responses to the anthelmintic emodepside

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janneke Wit ◽  
Steffen R. Hahnel ◽  
Briana C. Rodriguez ◽  
Erik Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Drug ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Hormetic Effect ◽  
Filarial Nematodes

Treatment of parasitic nematode infections depends primarily on the use of anthelmintics. However, this drug arsenal is limited, and resistance against most anthelmintics is widespread. Emodepside is a new anthelmintic drug effective against gastrointestinal and filarial nematodes. Nematodes that are resistant to other anthelmintic drug classes are susceptible to emodepside, indicating that the emodepside mode of action is distinct from previous anthelmintics. The laboratory-adapted Caenorhabditis elegans strain N2 is sensitive to emodepside, and genetic selection and in vitro experiments implicated slo-1, a BK potassium channel gene, in emodepside mode of action. In an effort to understand how natural populations will respond to emodepside, we measured brood sizes and developmental rates of wild C. elegans strains after exposure to the drug and found natural variation across the species. Some variation in emodepside responses can be explained by natural differences in slo-1. This result suggests that other genes in addition to slo-1 underlie emodepside resistance in wild C. elegans strains. Additionally, all assayed strains have higher offspring production in low concentrations of emodepside (a hormetic effect), which could impact treatment strategies. We find that natural variation affects emodepside sensitivity, supporting the suitability of C. elegans as a model system to study emodepside responses across parasitic nematodes.

scholarly journals NO2 and natural organic matter affect both soot aggregation behavior and sorption of S-metolachlor

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 1729-1735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Sigmund ◽  
Stephanie Castan ◽  
Christopher Wabnitz ◽  
Rani Bakkour ◽  
Thorsten Hüffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Aggregation Behavior ◽  
P Transformation

Transformation of soot with NO2 and interactions with NOM decreased the soot surface charge, size and sorption affinity for organic contaminants.

Effects of Natural Organic Matter and Ionic Species on Membrane Surface Charge

2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (17) ◽  
pp. 3864-3871 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongki Shim ◽  
Hong-Joo Lee ◽  
Sangyoup Lee ◽  
Seung-Hyeon Moon ◽  
Jaeweon Cho
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Natural Organic Matter ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Membrane Surface Charge

scholarly journals Organic matter and the surface charge of suspended particles in estuarine waters1

1982 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. A. Hunter ◽  
P. S. Liss
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Suspended Particles

Organic Matter Role in Illitic Soil Colloids Flocculation: II. Surface Charge

1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 1246-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dean Heil ◽  
Garrison Sposito
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Soil Colloids

scholarly journals C. elegans pharyngeal pumping provides a whole organism bio-assay to investigate anti-cholinesterase intoxication and antidotes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Izquierdo ◽  
Vincent O’Connor ◽  
Christopher Green ◽  
Lindy Holden-Dye ◽  
John Tattersall
Keyword(s):  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Neuromuscular Junctions ◽  
Acetylcholinesterase Activity ◽  
Cholinesterase Inhibition ◽  
Genetic Determinants ◽  
C Elegans ◽  
Functional Conservation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Bio Assay

AbstractInhibition of acetylcholinesterase by either organophosphates or carbamates causes anti-cholinesterase poisoning. This arises through a wide range of neurotoxic effects triggered by the overstimulation of the cholinergic receptors at synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Without intervention, this poisoning can lead to profound toxic effects, including death, and the incomplete efficacy of the current treatments, particularly for oxime-insensitive agents, provokes the need to find better antidotes. Here we show how the non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers an excellent tool for investigating the acetylcholinesterase intoxication. The C. elegans neuromuscular junctions show a high degree of molecular and functional conservation with the cholinergic transmission that operates in the autonomic, central and neuromuscular synapses in mammals. In fact, the anti-cholinesterase intoxication of the worm’s body wall neuromuscular junction has been unprecedented in understanding molecular determinants of cholinergic function in nematodes and other organisms. We extend the use of the model organism’s feeding behaviour as a tool to investigate carbamate and organophosphate mode of action. We show that inhibition of the cholinergic-dependent rhythmic pumping of the pharyngeal muscle correlates with the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity caused by aldicarb, paraoxons and DFP exposure. Further, this bio-assay allows one to address oxime dependent reversal of cholinesterase inhibition in the context of whole organism recovery. Interestingly, the recovery of the pharyngeal function after such anti-cholinesterase poisoning represents a sensitive and easily quantifiable phenotype that is indicative of the spontaneous recovery or irreversible modification of the worm acetylcholinesterase after inhibition. These observations highlight the pharynx of C. elegans as a new tractable approach to explore anti-cholinesterase intoxication and recovery with the potential to resolve critical genetic determinants of these neurotoxins’ mode of action.

Penggunaan Fourier Transform Infrared untuk Analisis Mikroplastik pada Loligo sp. dan Rastrelliger sp. dari TPI Tambak Lorok Semarang

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Jusup Suprijanto ◽  
Juwita Lesly Senduk ◽  
Dewi Basthika Makrima
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Dissolve Organic Matter ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fish Gills ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Whatman Paper

Mikroplastik adalah salah satu pencemar laut. Mikroplastik tidak dapat terdegradasi dengan cepat. Mikroplastik merupakan partikel plastik yang berukuran <5mm. Ukurannya yang kecil menyebabkannya dapat tertransportasikan ke seluruh tempat termasuk sistem tubuh ikan dan cumi-cumi. Penelitian dilakukan bertujuan mengetahui mikroplastik pada cumi – cumi (Loligo sp.) dan ikan kembung (Rastrelliger sp.). Penelitian dilakukan bulan Juli 2020 – November 2020 di Semarang Jawa Tengah. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan di TPI Tambak Lorok Semarang.  Pengukuran cumi-cumi dilakukan menggunakan jangka sorong dan ikan diukur menggunakan penggaris. Pembedahan cumi-cumi dan ikan dilakukan menggunakan gunting bedah untuk memisahkan alat pencernaan, tentakel serta insang ikan yang akan digunakan sebagai sampel. Pelarutan dilakukan menggunakan perendaman KOH 10% selama 24 jam untuk melarutkan bahan organik. Pemisahan partikel mikroplastik dilakukan setelah seluruh bahan organik pada sampel larut seluruhnya. Pemisahan partikel mikroplastik dilakukan menggunakan perendaman ZnCl2 selama 24 jam. Penyaringan sampel dilakukan setelah sampel mempunyai 2 layer, layer pertama diambil 10 ml kemudian disaring menggunakan kertas whatman dengan vacump pump. Sampel yang telah disaring dikeringkan, dilanjutkan uji FTIR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat mikroplastik dalam cumi – cumi dan ikan kembung yang ada di TPI Tambak Lorok Semarang, FTIR menunjukkan terdapat polimer plastik jenis nitrile dan nylon. Microplastic is one of the pollutants of the sea. Microplastics do not degrade quickly. Microplastics are plastic particles <5mm in size. Its small size allows it to be transported all over the place including the body systems of fish and squid. The research was conducted to determine the microplastics in squid (Loligo sp.) And mackerel fish (Rastrelliger sp.). The research was conducted in July 2020 - November 2020 in Semarang, Central Java. Sampling was carried out at TPI Tambak Lorok Semarang. Measurements of squid were carried out using a caliper and fish were measured using a ruler. Squid and fish surgery is performed using surgical scissors to separate the digestive organs, tentacles and fish gills that will be used as samples. Dissolving was carried out using 10% KOH immersion for 24 hours to dissolve organic matter. The separation of microplastic particles is carried out after all the organic material in the sample is completely dissolved. The separation of microplastic particles was carried out using ZnCl2 immersion for 24 hours. Filtering of the sample is carried out after the sample has 2 layers, 10 ml of the first layer is taken then filtered using Whatman paper with a vacump pump. The filtered sample was dried, followed by the FTIR test. The results showed that there were microplastics in the squid and mackerel in Tambak Lorok Semarang, FTIR showed that there were plastic polymers of nitrile and nylon types. 

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