CryptosporidiumIncidence and Surface Water Influence of Groundwater Supplying Public Water Systems in Minnesota, USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 3391-3398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel P. Stokdyk ◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
James F. Walsh ◽  
Jane R. de Lambert ◽  
Aaron D. Firnstahl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Influence ◽  
Public Water Systems

Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 67-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. T. Miettinen ◽  
O. Zacheus ◽  
C-H. von Bonsdorff ◽  
T. Vartiainen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Water Plant ◽  
Public Water Systems

Fourteen waterborne epidemics occurred in Finland during 1998-1999. About 7,300 illness cases were registered in these outbreaks. All except one of the waterborne epidemics were associated with undisinfected groundwaters. An equal number of waterborne epidemics occurred in public and private water systems, but most cases of illness occurred in public water systems. The three largest epidemics comprised 6,700 illness cases. Insufficient purification treatment unable to remove Norwalk-like viruses caused the only waterborne epidemic in a surface water plant. The main reasons for groundwater outbreaks were floods and surface runoffs which contaminated water. Norwalk-like viruses caused eight and Campylobacter three of the outbreaks. In two cases the epidemic ceased by the exhaustion of susceptible persons in the exposed community but in most cases it was terminated by changing the water source, boiling the drinking water, and starting chlorination.

Sewers and the Quality of Canals and Ditches in Amsterdam

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 61-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Jacobs ◽  
J. W. van Sluis
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Sediment Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Sewer System ◽  
Water And Sediment ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Water And Sediment Quality

The surface water system of Amsterdam is very complicated. Of two characteristic types of water systems the influences on water and sediment quality are investigated. The importance of the sewer output to the total loads is different for both water systems. In a polder the load from the sewers is much more important than in the canal basin. Measures to reduce the emission from the sewers are much more effective in a polder. The effect of these measures on sediment quality is more than the effect on water quality. Some differences between a combined sewer system and a separate sewer system can be found in sediment quality.

OCCURRENCE OF CRYPTOSPORIDIUM IN GROUNDWATER WELLS WITH AND WITHOUT SURFACE WATER INFLUENCE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel P. Stokdyk ◽  
◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
Susan K. Spencer ◽  
Anita C. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Influence ◽  
Groundwater Wells

Influence of surface-water irrigation on the distribution of organophosphorus pesticides in soil-water systems, Jianghan Plain, central China

2021 ◽  
Vol 281 ◽  
pp. 111874
Author(s):  
Jianwei Wang ◽  
Yanguo Teng ◽  
Yuanzheng Zhai ◽  
Caixiang Zhang ◽  
Zhenzhen Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Organophosphorus Pesticides ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Central China ◽  
Jianghan Plain

scholarly journals An approach for developing a national estimate of waterborne disease due to drinking water and a national estimate model application

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (S2) ◽  
pp. 201-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Messner ◽  
Susan Shaw ◽  
Stig Regli ◽  
Ken Rotert ◽  
Valerie Blank ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Water System ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
The United States ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Epidemiologic Studies ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Public Water Systems

In this paper, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) presents an approach and a national estimate of drinking water related endemic acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI) that uses information from epidemiologic studies. There have been a limited number of epidemiologic studies that have measured waterborne disease occurrence in the United States. For this analysis, we assume that certain unknown incidence of AGI in each public drinking water system is due to drinking water and that a statistical distribution of the different incidence rates for the population served by each system can be estimated to inform a mean national estimate of AGI illness due to drinking water. Data from public water systems suggest that the incidence rate of AGI due to drinking water may vary by several orders of magnitude. In addition, data from epidemiologic studies show AGI incidence due to drinking water ranging from essentially none (or less than the study detection level) to a rate of 0.26 cases per person-year. Considering these two perspectives collectively, and associated uncertainties, EPA has developed an analytical approach and model for generating a national estimate of annual AGI illness due to drinking water. EPA developed a national estimate of waterborne disease to address, in part, the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments. The national estimate uses best available science, but also recognizes gaps in the data to support some of the model assumptions and uncertainties in the estimate. Based on the model presented, EPA estimates a mean incidence of AGI attributable to drinking water of 0.06 cases per year (with a 95% credible interval of 0.02–0.12). The mean estimate represents approximately 8.5% of cases of AGI illness due to all causes among the population served by community water systems. The estimated incidence translates to 16.4 million cases/year among the same population. The estimate illustrates the potential usefulness and challenges of the approach, and provides a focus for discussions of data needs and future study designs. Areas of major uncertainty that currently limit the usefulness of the approach are discussed in the context of the estimate analysis.

scholarly journals A plea for a novel kind of ecohydrology: the interaction between hydrological processes and - endangered or not - wildlife

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasper Griffioen ◽  
Martin Wassen ◽  
Joris Cromsigt
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Ecosystem Engineer ◽  
Sewage Water ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Nature Reserves ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Groundwater Levels ◽  
Nature Restoration ◽  
The Impact

<p>Ecohydrology usually refers to the effects of hydrological processes on the occurrence, distribution and patterns of plants. Here, we emphasize a new kind of ecohydrology in which the effects of hydrological processes on the occurrence of – endangered or not - wildlife become addressed via the threat of its habitat or, oppositely, where the occurrence of wildlife leads to a threat of endangered fauna. We present three examples to illustrate this.</p><p>First, the habitat of the tiger in the Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) at the foot of the Himalayas seems to increasingly become threatened by changes in the hydrological conditions. Grasslands in floodplains are an important part of the tiger habitat as these are the grounds where the tiger preferably hunts for deer as his prey. Disturbances of the water systems such as gravel and sand extraction from the river beds, intake of water for irrigation and hydropower production are increasingly happening and climate change may further alter the Himalayan water systems. This seems to disturb the grasslands in their hydrological and hydromorphological dynamics, which may negatively impact the density of deer, which may put additional pressure on the tiger populations in the nature reserves of the TAL.</p><p>Second, ungulates are important mammals in the grasslands and savannah of southern Africa. The water availability for these animals may alter upon climate change, including higher frequencies of droughts. Research suggests that the community composition of ungulates may alter by this. Here, the larger water-dependent grazers may be replaced by smaller, less water-dependent species.</p><p>Third, the beaver is well-known as hydrological ecosystem engineer. The beaver, therefore, has obtained some attention within the context of ecohydrology. The impact of the beaver as ecosystem engineer is, however, peculiar for nature reserves at the Belgian-Dutch border. Surface water with poor quality due to lack of appropriate sewage water treatment is running along nature reserves. The reintroduction of the beaver causes a rise in the surface and groundwater levels due to its dam-building activities. This induces an introduction of polluted surface water into the Dutch wetlands which contain a less eutrofied ecosystem than the Belgian ones that were fed by the polluted surface water. Nature restoration may thus go on the expense of nature degradation.</p><p>These examples show that the ecohydrology of wildlife is as fascinating and diverse as classical ecohydrology is.</p>

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