Chronic UV irradiation results in many changes in the skin, including hyperplasia, changes in dermal structures, and alteration of pigmentation. Exposure to UVB leads to cutaneous damage, which results in inflammation characterized by increased NF-κB activation and the induction of inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin- (IL-) 1, or IL-8. IL-1 secretion is the result of inflammasome activation which is besides apoptosis, a result of acute UVB treatment. Inflammasomes are cytosolic protein complexes whose formation results in the activation of proinflammatory caspase-1. Key substrates of caspase-1 are IL-1β and IL-18, and the cytosolic protein gasdermin D (GSDMD), which is involved in inflammatory cell death. Here, we demonstrate that UVB-induced inflammasome activation leads to the formation of ASC specks. Our findings show that UVB provokes ASC speck formation in human primary keratinocytes prior to cell death, and that specks are, opposed to the perinuclear cytosolic localization in myeloid cells, formed in the nucleus. Additionally, we showed by RNAi that NLRP1 and not NLRP3 is the major inflammasome responsible for UVB sensing in primary human keratinocytes. Formation of ASC specks indicates inflammasome assembly and activation as their formation in hPKs depends on the presence of NLRP1 and partially on NLRP3. Nuclear ASC specks are not specific for NLRP1/NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as the activation of the AIM2 inflammasome by cytosolic DNA results in ASC specks too. These nuclear ASC specks putatively link cell death to inflammasome activation, possibly by binding of IFI16 (gamma-interferon-inducible protein) to ASC. ASC can interact upon UVB sensing via IFI16 with p53, linking cell death to ASC speck formation.
Subcellular Dynamic Immunopatterning of Cytosolic Protein Complexes on Microstructured Polymer Substrates
