Perchlorate in Indoor Dust and Human Urine in China: Contribution of Indoor Dust to Total Daily Intake

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 2443-2450 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Xiaojia Chen ◽  
Dou Wang ◽  
Rudan Li ◽  
Yufang Ma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Total Daily Intake

scholarly journals Exposure to Phthalate and Organophosphate Esters via Indoor Dust and PM10 Is a Cause of Concern for the Exposed Saudi Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 2125
Author(s):  
Nadeem Ali ◽  
Nabil A. Alhakamy ◽  
Iqbal M. I. Ismail ◽  
Ehtisham Nazar ◽  
Ahmed Saleh Summan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Air Conditioner ◽  
Lifetime Cancer Risk ◽  
Organophosphate Esters ◽  
Local Public Health ◽  
Suspended Particulate ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Filter Dust ◽  
Ethylhexyl Phthalate

In this study, we measured the occurrence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and phthalates in the settled dust (floor and air conditioner filter dust) and in suspended particulate matter (PM10) from different microenvironments (households (n = 20), offices (n = 10) and hotels (n = 10)) of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the major pollutant (contributing >85% of total chemicals burden) in all types of indoor dust with a concentration up to 3,901,500 ng g−1. While dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DEHP together contributed >70% in PM10 (1900 ng m−3), which indicate PM10 as a significant source of exposure for DBP and DEHP in different Saudi indoor settings. Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) was the major OPE in PM10 with a concentration of up to 185 ng m−3 and the occurrence of OPEs in indoor dust varied in studied indoor settings. The estimated daily intake (EDI) of studied chemicals via dust ingestion and inhalation of PM10 was below the reference dose (RfD) of individual chemicals. However, estimated incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) with moderate risk (1.5 × 10−5) for Saudi adults and calculated hazardous index (HI) of >1 for Saudi children from DEHP showed a cause of concern to the local public health.

Effects of level of concentrate on the eating behaviour and predicted hourly release of nutrients in the rumen of sheep fed grass silage

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
L.A. Sinclair ◽  
G.C. McQuiston
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Asynchronous Release ◽  
Micro Organisms

The pattern in which ruminants consume their daily allocation of forage may affect their total daily intake and the pattern of supply of energy and protein to the micro-organisms in the rumen. Synchronizing energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen has been demonstrated to improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (Sinclair et al. 1993, 1995). However, it remains unclear whether animals, when offered a feed with a predicted asynchronous release of nutrients, will alter their pattern of intake to achieve a synchronous supply. In addition, the provision of a concentrate may alter daily intake, hourly intake and the pattern of release of nutrients in the rumen. The objectives of the current experiment were to examine the effects of level of supplement on the pattern of intake and the predicted release of nutrients in the rumen in sheep fed grass silage.

Intake, growth and carcass characteristics of young ostriches given concentrates with and without pasture

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nitzan ◽  
D. Barkai ◽  
Z. Nitsan ◽  
S. Landau1
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Commercial Farming ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Hedysarum Coronarium ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract ◽  
Different Parts

AbstractAlthough ostriches are herbivores, their diets in commercial farming in Israel consist mainly of concentrates. The objective of this study was to evaluate an alternative for fattening ostriches aged 10 to 30 weeks, which combines pasture with concentrate feeding. Chicks were allotted to three treatments. Diet of group C40 consisted of concentrate only, provided at 40 g/kg body mass (mb). Groups CG20 and CG30 received concentrate at 20 and 30 g/ kg mb, respectively, and grazed 4 to 6 h/day on lush green alfalfa (Medicago sativa), sown barley (Hordeum vulgare), natural pasture or sulla (Hedysarum coronarium). During the last 10 weeks of experiment, groups CG20 and CG30 were merged into one group, managed as CG20 and grazed natural pasture, sulla, alfalfa, or vetch (Vicia sativa). Ostriches from group CG20 and CG30 consumed 390 (s.e.30) g and 260 (s.e. 20) g DM per day at pasture, i.e. 0·46 and 0·28 of their total daily intake, respectively. Pasture intake for CG20 was higher (P < 0·05) than for CG30. Intake of pasture (both grazing treatments combined) was twice as much as on natural pasture or alfalfa as on barley. These results were consistent with the ostriches’ preference for forbs rather than grasses in the natural pasture. The mean organic matter digestibility was 0·84 (s.e. 0·01), ostriches gained at 347 (s.e. 13) g/day, and the food conversion ratio was 3·05 (s.e. 0·16), with no effect of group. Also, grazing did not affect the dressing rate (0·47, s.e. 0·015) or the size and mass of the different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract, with the exception of the glandular and muscular stomachs, which were proportionately 0·4 (P < 0·05) heavier in grazing birds. Lower (P < 0·05) fat content (33·8 v. 26·5 g/kg) but not tenderness, of a selected muscle (fibularis longus) was found for grazing birds. This study suggests that, in young ostriches, grazing lush green pasture may reduce concentrate intake by proportionately 0·4, without altering growth performance or carcass yield and quality.

Effects of level of concentrate on the eating behaviour and predicted hourly release of nutrients in the rumen of sheep fed grass silage

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 80-80
Author(s):  
L.A. Sinclair ◽  
G.C. McQuiston
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Current Experiment ◽  
Microbial Protein ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Asynchronous Release ◽  
Micro Organisms

The pattern in which ruminants consume their daily allocation of forage may affect their total daily intake and the pattern of supply of energy and protein to the micro-organisms in the rumen. Synchronizing energy and nitrogen supply to the rumen has been demonstrated to improve the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (Sinclair et al. 1993, 1995). However, it remains unclear whether animals, when offered a feed with a predicted asynchronous release of nutrients, will alter their pattern of intake to achieve a synchronous supply. In addition, the provision of a concentrate may alter daily intake, hourly intake and the pattern of release of nutrients in the rumen. The objectives of the current experiment were to examine the effects of level of supplement on the pattern of intake and the predicted release of nutrients in the rumen in sheep fed grass silage.

A note on effects of glyphosate and quinine on the palatability of hay for sheep

1984 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Jones ◽  
J. M. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Meal Size ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Total Daily Intake

ABSTRACTSix sheep were used in a Latin-square experiment to investigate the effect of pre-harvest treatment of pasture with glyphosate (Roundup, a translocated herbicide) on the palatability of hay. Four hays were used: control (C), Roundup (R), quinine (Q, 100 mg/kg) and Roundup with quinine (QR). During each week one of the following choices was given to each animal: (a) C/C; (b) C/R; (c) R/R; (d) Q/C; (e) Q/R; and (f) C/QR. There were no significant effects of treatment on the proportion chosen or on total daily intake, mean meal size or rate of eating. It was concluded that neither pre-harvest treatment with Roundup nor post-harvest treatment with quinine affected the palatability of hay.

scholarly journals Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Car Dust from Thailand and Implications for Human Exposure

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Premrudee Kanchanapiya ◽  
◽  
Benjawan Nilyok ◽  
Supachai Songngam ◽  
Sun Olapiriyakul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Indoor Dust ◽  
Bag Filter ◽  
Settled Dust ◽  
Organophosphorus Flame Retardants ◽  
Filter Dust ◽  
Reference Doses ◽  
Human Health Effects ◽  
Dust Ingestion

Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are a group of compounds frequently detected in indoor dust that pose high health risks to exposure subjects. The present study reports on the investigation of the levels and profiles of seven target PFRs in car dust samples from Thailand. The samples were collected from the discarded air conditioning (AC) filter of 14 private cars (called AC dust samples) and from the bag filter installed in vacuum cleaners of 10 car washing services (called settled dust samples) in 2019. The concentrations of 7PFRs in AC dust samples were approximately 3,800-91,000 ng/g, whereas those from settled dust samples were about 11,000 to 15,000 ng/g. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was found to be the most prominent of PFRs detected in both types of car dust with the highest concentration of 39,000 ng/g for AC filter dust and 10,000 ng/g for settled dust. The main PFR contributors in both dust types were TBEP (80%, 75%), followed by Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (9%, 5%) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) (7%, 4%), respectively. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tri cresyl phosphate (TCP) were not detected in both types of car dust and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was found only in settled dust samples. According to the results of exposure assessment to PFRs in car dust, the human exposures via ingestion for adults and toddlers ranged from 1.69×10-2 to 2.67 and 10.6 to 2,360 ng/kg/day. The human exposures via inhalation for adults and toddlers ranged from 3.27×10-4 to 5.17x10-2 and 2.58×10-1 to 40.9 ng/kg/day. The highest exposure among PFRs corresponded to TBEP for both adults and toddlers and the risk through ingestion was higher than inhalation intake. Toddlers were more exposed to PFR contaminants in comparison to adults. When comparing the estimated average daily intake (ADI) values with the reference doses (RfDs) for PFRs, it was found that exposure to PFRs in car cabins via inhalation and dust ingestion is unlikely to have adverse human health effects.

Factors affecting the intake and digestion of roughage by sheep fed maize straw supplemented with maize grain

1980 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope A. Henning ◽  
Yvonne Van Der Linden ◽  
Mary E. Mattheyse ◽  
Wilfried K. Nauhaus ◽  
Helen M. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Total Daily Intake ◽  
Maize Straw ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Branched Chain

SummaryAfter a preliminary period in which they were all fed maize straw plus a proteinmineral supplement, 18 Merino wethers were divided into six groups and fed straw, proteins and minerals as before, plug pellets containing maize grain so that these constituted 0, 78, 156, 235, 313 and 393 g/kg of the total daily intake.The diets provided sufficient protein so that NH3and branched-chain volatile fatty acids were not limiting for growth of the fibre-digesting bacteria in the rumen.The intake of straw, the digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the mass of cellulose and hemicellulose digested per day declined linearly as the proportion of pellets in the diet increased above 78 g/kg. This decline was not related to the pH of the ruminal contents which was unaffected by the feeding of up to and including 235g pellets/kg diet, and which, with one exception, was only 2–6 pH-hours below pH 6 when more grain was fed.As the proportion of pellets in the diet increased the number of cellulolytic bacteria in the rumen declined to an extent which correlated well with the decrease in mass of cellulose digested per day. There was no change in the relative proportions of the predominant genera.There was no decrease in the number of xylanolytic bacteria in the rumen as more pellets were fed, but there was an indication of a change in the predominant genera producing diffusible xylanases.It is concluded that some factor, in addition to nutrient limitation and pH, may play a role in the decrease in intake and digestion of roughage when starch is fed. It is suggested that starch or sugars derived from it mayper seinhibit the synthesis and/or activity of the rumen cellulases and hemicellulases.

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