Development Status and Prospects of Lithium-ion Power Batteries for Electric Vehicles

Major countries and automobile manufacturers in the world jointly promote the transformation of automobile energy and boost the development of electric vehicles. As the most widely used power battery, the lithium-ion power battery comes under the spotlight. The progress of lithium iron phosphate batteries and ternary lithium batteries has given rise to the hope of transformation. And the breakthrough of solidstate batteries has laid a solid foundation for future highperformance batteries. This paper reviews and analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of three power batteries, and evaluates their modifications, application, and current situation. It can be concluded that ternary lithium batteries cannot replace lithium iron phosphate batteries and solid-state batteries temporarily cannot be widely produced and applied.

Study on the Effect of Membrane Active Surface Orientation in OMBR on Norfloxacin Wastewater Treatment

The forward osmosis membrane bioreactor (OMBR) is a kind of new treatment technology which applied forward osmosis technology to the membrane bioreactor. In this paper, the OMBR was adopted to tackle with the typical antibiotic wastewater.The influence of orientation was investigated. The results showed that the magnesium chloride solution with high osmotic pressure is advantageous for OMBR due to its superior membrane flux and a better producing water quality and the membrane flux decreases with a rise of the concentration of sewage and sludge. In this condition, the removal rate of COD and norfloxacin is 84.21% and 93.70%, respectively.

Temperature Distribution Analysis along the Length of Floating Head Multi Stream Heat Exchanger

Heat transfer between two streams is common and simple and well established and perfectly commercialized. Normally, the exchanger that is used for this purpose is shell and tube heat exchanger but in some industrial production unit where more than one reactant is to be preheated or pre-cooled for chemical reaction and same as post heating and post cooling required of multiple streams at same or different temperatures, Problem that is associated with such type shell and tube heat exchanger is that it can’t handle the multiple stream and for handling multiple streams we required more number of exchangers due to which capital cost increases and required more care of handling because the number of units increases. To overcome this problem, we need more than one heat sinks with one or more than one heat source that will minimize the covered volume per unit heat transfer area, the number of unit operation, operation time, man power and the capital cost with increasing thermal efficiency and heat utilization so to overcome this problem we need to move towards multi stream heat exchanger for handling multiple streams at once for heat exchange. Multi stream heat exchanger is opening of a new class of heat transfer equipment which deals more than two different streams for heat exchange. Such a way number of units can be reduced, which minimize time and space. With a little bit increase in complexity the operational cost will decrease and improve the thermal efficiency of heat transfer equipment, which minimize thermal losses and maximize the heat utilization which directly decrease the equipment size and capital cost. In the previous study we have discuss our research on the fabrication and Comparative Study of Floating Head (Triple pipe) Multi Stream Heat Exchanger with Shell & Tube This work is about the investigation involves the tentative examination of the heat exchange through the Floating Head Multi-Stream Heat Exchanger to evaluate the temperature distribution along the length, in which cool liquids are flowing through the inner and external pipe and hot liquid is moving through the central pipe of the exchanger.

A 3-Dimensional Numerical Thermal Analysis for A Vertical Double U-Tube Ground-Coupled Heat Pump

The ground heat exchanger plays a major role in the thermal performance and economic optimization of the ground-coupled heat pump. The present study focuses on the effect of the borehole size and the grout and soil thermal properties on the thermal assessment of these heat exchangers. A double U-tube heat exchanger was studied numerically by the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.4 software in a 3-dimensional discretization model. The double U-tube was circuited as a parallel flow arrangement and situated in a parallel configuration (PFPD) deep in the borehole. The grout and ground thermal conductivities were selected in the range of (0.73-2.0) W/m.K and (1.24-2.8) W/m.K respectively. The results revealed that the ground thermal conductivity showed a more pronounced influence on the thermal performance of the ground heat exchanger and with less extent for the grouting one. Increasing the grout filling thermal conductivity from (0.73) W/m.K to (2.0) W/m.K at a fixed ground thermal conductivity of (2.4) W/m.K has augmented the heat transfer rate by (10) %. The heat transfer rate of the ground heat exchanger exhibited marked enhancement as much as double when the ground thermal conductivity was increased from (1.24) W/m.K to (2.8) W/m.K at fixed grout thermal conductivity range of (0.78-2.0) W/m.K. It has been verified that increasing the borehole size has a negligible effect on the ground heat exchanger thermal performance when a grout with a high thermal conductivity was utilized in the ranged of examined configurations. The steady-state numerical analysis model outcomes of the present work could be implemented for the preliminary borehole design for a ground heat exchanger.

Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Car Dust from Thailand and Implications for Human Exposure

Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are a group of compounds frequently detected in indoor dust that pose high health risks to exposure subjects. The present study reports on the investigation of the levels and profiles of seven target PFRs in car dust samples from Thailand. The samples were collected from the discarded air conditioning (AC) filter of 14 private cars (called AC dust samples) and from the bag filter installed in vacuum cleaners of 10 car washing services (called settled dust samples) in 2019. The concentrations of 7PFRs in AC dust samples were approximately 3,800-91,000 ng/g, whereas those from settled dust samples were about 11,000 to 15,000 ng/g. Tris (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was found to be the most prominent of PFRs detected in both types of car dust with the highest concentration of 39,000 ng/g for AC filter dust and 10,000 ng/g for settled dust. The main PFR contributors in both dust types were TBEP (80%, 75%), followed by Tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) (9%, 5%) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) (7%, 4%), respectively. Tris(2-chloroethyl)phosphate (TCEP) and tri cresyl phosphate (TCP) were not detected in both types of car dust and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) was found only in settled dust samples. According to the results of exposure assessment to PFRs in car dust, the human exposures via ingestion for adults and toddlers ranged from 1.69×10-2 to 2.67 and 10.6 to 2,360 ng/kg/day. The human exposures via inhalation for adults and toddlers ranged from 3.27×10-4 to 5.17x10-2 and 2.58×10-1 to 40.9 ng/kg/day. The highest exposure among PFRs corresponded to TBEP for both adults and toddlers and the risk through ingestion was higher than inhalation intake. Toddlers were more exposed to PFR contaminants in comparison to adults. When comparing the estimated average daily intake (ADI) values with the reference doses (RfDs) for PFRs, it was found that exposure to PFRs in car cabins via inhalation and dust ingestion is unlikely to have adverse human health effects.

Effects ofAdding Hydrotalcite with Different Compositional Ratios in the Pyrolysis Treatment of Brominated Plastics

In recent years, chemical recycling technologies related to the pyrolysis of plastics into fuels have received increasing attention under the circular economy agenda with respect to resource depletion. Herein, a method is presented to reduce halogen compounds in the product oil derived from the pyrolysis of polystyrene with tetrabromobisphenol A. Analysis was undertaken to identify the bromine compounds present in the residue after the pyrolysis treatment. Pyrolysis was conducted in the presence of hydrotalcites as a function of the Mg and Al additive composition ratio (type 1; KW-1000 and type 2; K W-2000). The bromine compounds identified in the oil after pyrolysis at 400 °C were determined as 2-bromophenol, 4- bromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, 1- bromomethylbenzene, 2- bromomethylbenzene, and 3,6-dibromo-2,5-xylidine. In the absence of hydrotalcite, bromine compounds were still detected in the product oil, residue and gas, whereas the addition of KW-2000 reduced the concentration of bromine compounds in the product oil. The reduced concentration of the bromine compounds in the product oil is suggested to be related to the trapping of bromine by the added hydrotalcite during the pyrolysis of the plastic.

Conjugate Direction Particle Swarm Optimization Based Approach to Determine Kinetic Parameters from Part of Adiabatic Data

Due to the limited detection range of the adiabatic equipment, it is difficult to get complete experimental curve of some materials and calculate the kinetic parameters. In this work, the conjugate direction particle swarm optimization (CDPSO) approach, as a global stochastic optimization algorithm, is proposed to estimate the kinetic parameters and complete experimental curve from part of adiabatic calorimetric data. This algorithm combines the conjugate direction algorithm (CD) which has the ability to escape from the local extremum and the global optimization ability of the particle swarm optimization (PSO) which finds the globally optimal solutions. One case was used to verify this method: 20% DTBP in toluene decompositions under adiabatic conditions. Comparing the experimental and calculated complete temperature curve, the accuracy of the fitted kinetic parameters calculated by no less than 70% temperature rise rate proportion of data is verified. The value of TD24 is well-deviated even used 10% proportion of data. The case reasonably proves the effectiveness of CDPSO algorithm in the estimation of kinetic parameters from part of adiabatic data.

Sensory Evaluation of a Perfume Made of Orange Essential Oil

This research paper addresses the sensory evaluation of a perfume made from orange essential oil, considering the sensory acceptance of a panel of experts. The methodology used gives as sample size eight formulations that were prepared and tested hedonically with ten experts in the field using the instrument on the evaluation sheet that represents five scales of smell references. The evaluation suggests that the most sensorial accepted and elaborated perfume formulation based on orange essential oil should be composed of alcohol (7.1 ml), orange essential oil (1.56 ml), lemon essential oil (0.226 ml), essential oil of cinnamon (0.113 ml) and bergamot essential oil (0.113 ml). The results obtained in the development of the sensory evaluation can conclude that the formulation (F8) is more sensorial accepted.