Toward the Establishment of Standardizedin VitroTests for Lipid-Based Formulations. 2. The Effect of Bile Salt Concentration and Drug Loading on the Performance of Type I, II, IIIA, IIIB, and IV Formulations duringin VitroDigestion

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 3286-3300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hywel D. Williams ◽  
Mette U. Anby ◽  
Philip Sassene ◽  
Karen Kleberg ◽  
Jean-Claude Bakala-N’Goma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Type I ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration

Self-diffusion study of bile salt-monoolein micelles determination of the intermicellar bile salt concentration

1983 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 315-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Lindheimer ◽  
Jean-Claude Montet ◽  
Roselyne Bontemps ◽  
Jacques Rouviere ◽  
Bernard Brun
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Diffusion Study ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration ◽  
Self Diffusion

Vitamin K2 colonic and ileal in vivo absorption: bile, fatty acids, and pH effects on transport.

1977 ◽  
Vol 233 (2) ◽  
pp. E124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Hollander ◽  
E Rim ◽  
P E Ruble
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Vitamin K ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Vitamin K2 ◽  
Dietary Vitamin ◽  
Hydrogen Ion Concentration ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration

Colonic and ileal absorption of vitamin K2 ([2-methyl-3H]menaquinone-9) was investigated in the conscious rat. When the absorption rate was plotted against the perfusate concentration, a linear relationship was found between these two parameters in the ileum and colon. The absorption rate of menaquinone by the ileum was increased as the bile salt concentration, degree of unsaturation of the added long-chain fatty acids, hydrogen ion concentration, and perfusate flow rates were increased. Colonic menaquinone absorption decreased as the bile salt concentration was increased. Menaquinone colonic absoprtion increased as the pH decreased, but no change was noted as the perfusion rate was increased. The present experimental observations in vivo, coupled with prior observations in vitro, indicate that absorption of menaquinone by the ileum and colon occurs by a passive diffusion process that is modified by variations in the perfusate bile salt concentration, the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, and the perfusate pH. The present observations indicate that the mammalian colon and terminal ileum can provide a constant source of vitamin K to aid hemostasis despite episodic lack of dietary vitamin K.

scholarly journals In vitro Assessment of the Safety and Potential Probiotic Characteristics of Three Bacillus Strains Isolated From the Intestine of Hybrid Grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂)

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kwaku Amoah ◽  
Xiao-hui Dong ◽  
Bei-ping Tan ◽  
Shuang Zhang ◽  
Felix K. A. Kuebutornye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration ◽  
Hybrid Grouper ◽  
Epinephelus Fuscoguttatus

Probiotics serving as an alternative to the criticized antibiotics mainly focus on improving animal's growth and health. After realizing the dangers posed by diseases that have led to lots of economic losses, aquaculture scientists have sought the usage of probiotics. However, most probiotics are ineffective in eliciting aquatic animals' preferred effects, since they are from non-fish sources. Again, there are even a few marine aquatic probiotics. Given this, a study was conducted to investigate the probiotic potential of the bacteria species isolated from the digestive tract of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × Epinephelus lanceolatus♂). Based on the morphological, biochemical, 16S rRNA sequencing analysis and evolutionary relationships, the isolated species were identified as Bacillus tequilensis GPSAK2 (MW548630), Bacillus velezensis GPSAK4 (MW548635), and Bacillus subtilis GPSAK9 (MW548634), which were designated as GPSAK2, GPSAK4, and GPSAK9 strains, respectively. Their probiotic potentials including their ability to tolerate high bile salt concentration, low pH, high temperatures, adhesion ability (auto-aggregation and cell-surface hydrophobicity), antimicrobial activity and biosafety test, compatibility test, hemolytic activity, and antibiotic susceptibility test were evaluated. While GPSAK2 and GPSAK9 strains were γ-hemolytic, that of GPSAK4 was α-hemolytic. All the isolates were resistant to low pH (1) and higher bile salt concentration (0.5%), showed higher viability ability after higher temperature exposure (80, 90, and 100°C), as well as higher cell-surface percentage hydrophobicity and auto-aggregation. All isolates exhibited positive compatibility with each other, signifying their ability to be used as multispecies. The three strains were susceptible to ampicillin (except GPSAK9, which was resistant), penicillin, kanamycin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, furazolidone (except GPSAK2 and GPSAK9, which were moderately susceptible and resistant, respectively), polymyxin B, vancomycin (except GPSAK9, which was resistant), sulfamethoxazole (except GPSAK9, which was moderately susceptible), amikacin, minocycline, ofloxacin, norfloxacin, doxycycline, neomycin, gentamicin, tetracycline, carbenicillin, midecamycin (except GPSAK9, which was moderately susceptible), ciprofloxacin, piperacillin, and cefoperazone. All isolates demonstrated good antimicrobial activity against four pathogens, viz. Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus iniae, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio alginolyticus. The results collectively suggest that Bacillus strains GPSAK2, GPSAK4, and GPSAK9 could serve as potential probiotic candidates that can be used to improve the growth and health status of aquatic animals, especially grouper.

scholarly journals Resistant gastric environment of Lactobacillus crispatus from stomach inhibits Helicobacter pylori colonization and attenuates gastric inflammation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Fang-yuan Mao ◽  
Wei-wei Huang ◽  
Hui Kong ◽  
Yun Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Gastric Tissue ◽  
Mice Model ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration ◽  
Adhesion Rate ◽  
H Pylori

Abstract Background Recent studies have shown that gastric-derived Lactobacillus can inhibit the colonization of H. pylori and attenuate gastric inflammation in conventional animals, but the resistant of Lactobacillus to gastric environment is still unknown. Here, we aimed to screen the candidate Lactobacillus that could adapt to the harsh gastric environment and inhibit the colonization of H. pylori. Results In vitro, the growth rate of seven Lactobacillus strains in different pH and bile salt concentration were tested, the size of inhibition zone and adhesion rate of H. pylori when Lactobacillus exist were measured. In gnotobiotic mice models, we examined the amount of colonization of L. crispatus and H. pylori by qRT-PCR and evaluated the inflammation in the gastric tissue by the content of MPO and H&E stain. In vitro experiments showed L. crispatus had a better growth rate than other six Lactobacilluses in pH 2.5 to 4.5; under the 0.2% bile salt concentration, other bacteria did not grow except for L. crispatus; L. crispatus yielded 24.2 mm of mean inhibitory zone diameters; the adhesion rate of H. pylori only reached 41.3% in H. pylori-L. crispatus group(HLG). In vivo, the amount of colonization of H. pylori in HLG is fifteen times less than that in H. pylori group (HG) (p < 0.05); the MPO value of HG was 1.4 times that of HLG; the gastric tissue inflammation of HLG was obviously lighter than HG. L. crispatus may be an adjunctive therapy for treating H. pylori- associated disease in clinic. Conclusions L. crispatus has resistance to low acid and high bile salts environment and it inhibits the growth of H. pylori and the subsequent inflammation H. pylori caused in gnotobiotic Kunming mice model, which suggest the potential of developing L. crispatus as clinical agents.

Bile salt composition is secondary to bile salt concentration in determining hydrocortisone and progesterone solubility in intestinal mimetic fluids

2012 ◽  
Vol 422 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 295-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huda Zughaid ◽  
Ben Forbes ◽  
Gary P. Martin ◽  
Nilesh Patel
Keyword(s):  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Salt Composition ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration

Quasielastic light scattering evidence for vesicular secretion of biliary lipids

1989 ◽  
Vol 257 (1) ◽  
pp. G1-G8 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Cohen ◽  
M. Angelico ◽  
M. C. Carey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Bile Salt ◽  
Salt Concentration ◽  
Mixed Micelles ◽  
Unilamellar Vesicles ◽  
Bile Formation ◽  
Biliary Lipids ◽  
Bile Salt Concentration ◽  
Quasielastic Light Scattering

We employed quasielastic light scattering, negative-stain, and freeze-fracture electron microscopy to study the time-dependent physicochemical behavior of biliary lipids in fresh rat bile. Three to five minutes after bile collection, the earliest light scattering measurements and electron microscopy revealed unilamellar vesicles (mean hydrodynamic radius, Rh = 430-740 A) coexisting with mixed micelles (Rh = 20-120 A) in all biles. Both percent biliary vesicles (1 to greater than 70%) and micellar sizes varied inversely with bile salt concentration (range 1.6-72 mM) both during endogenous pool drainage and sodium taurocholate infusion. With bile salt concentrations in the vicinity of or below the estimated critical micellar concentration, biliary vesicle concentrations remained constant or increased slightly with passage of time. However, with micellar bile salt concentrations, complete conversion of vesicles to micelles occurred at rates that were directly proportional to bile salt concentration. Back-extrapolation of weighted Rh averages of micelles plus vesicles as functions of time gave sizes of approximately 470 A at 1 min, suggesting the predominance of homogeneously sized unilamellar vesicles at the earliest stages of bile formation. After micellization of lipids, mixed protein aggregates of vesicle size were demonstrated in all biles. These experiments elucidate the dynamic coexistence of lipid vesicles and mixed micelles in cholesterol unsaturated biles and demonstrate that vesicle-to-micelle interconversions of biliary lipid aggregates are normal physiological phenomena within the biliary tree.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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