Configurational and Elemental Odor Mixture Perception Can Arise from Local Inhibition

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Linster ◽  
Thomas A. Cleland
Keyword(s):  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Odor Mixture

Severe Drooling and Treatment With Botulinum Toxin

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Merete Bakke ◽  
Allan Bardow ◽  
Eigild Møller
Keyword(s):  
Botulinum Toxin ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Acetylcholine Release ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
Rate Reduction ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Surgical Treatments

Severe drooling is associated with discomfort and psychosocial problems and may constitute a health risk. A variety of different surgical and non-surgical treatments have been used to diminish drooling, some of them with little or uncertain effect and others more effective but irreversible or with side effects. Based on clinical evidence, injection with botulinum toxin (BTX) into the parotid and submandibular glands is a useful treatment option, because it is local, reversible, and with few side effects, although it has to be repeated. The mechanism of BTX is a local inhibition of acetylcholine release, which diminishes receptor-coupled secretion and results in a flow rate reduction of 25–50% for 2–7 months.

scholarly journals Pleiotropic Actions of FGF23

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 904-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinhold G. Erben
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Membrane Expression ◽  
Fgf Receptor ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Key Enzyme ◽  
Renal Tubular

Fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived hormone, mainly produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes in response to increased extracellular phosphate and circulating vitamin D hormone. Endocrine FGF23 signaling requires co-expression of the ubiquitously expressed FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and the co-receptor α-Klotho (Klotho). In proximal renal tubules, FGF23 suppresses the membrane expression of the sodium–phosphate cotransporters Npt2a and Npt2c which mediate urinary reabsorption of filtered phosphate. In addition, FGF23 suppresses proximal tubular expression of 1α-hydroxylase, the key enzyme responsible for vitamin D hormone production. In distal renal tubules, FGF23 signaling activates with-no-lysine kinase 4, leading to increased renal tubular reabsorption of calcium and sodium. Therefore, FGF23 is not only a phosphaturic but also a calcium- and sodium-conserving hormone, a finding that may have important implications for the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease. Besides these endocrine, Klotho-dependent functions of FGF23, FGF23 is also an auto-/paracrine suppressor of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase transcription via Klotho-independent FGFR3 signaling, leading to local inhibition of mineralization through accumulation of pyrophosphate. In addition, FGF23 may target the heart via an FGFR4-mediated Klotho-independent signaling cascade. Taken together, there is emerging evidence that FGF23 is a pleiotropic hormone, linking bone with several other organ systems.

Nitrogen implantation for local inhibition of oxidation

1987 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 89-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pascale Berruyer ◽  
Michel Bruel
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Implantation ◽  
Local Inhibition

Interdigital tissue chondrogenesis induced by surgical removal of the ectoderm in the embryonic chick leg bud

Development ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 231-244
Author(s):  
J. M. Hurle ◽  
Y. Gañan
Keyword(s):  
Cell Death ◽  
Vital Staining ◽  
Mesenchymal Cell ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Dorsal Ectoderm ◽  
Interdigital Cell Death ◽  
Proximal Zone

In the present work, we have analysed the possible involvement of ectodermal tissue in the control of interdigital mesenchymal cell death. Two types of experiments were performed in the stages previous to the onset of interdigital cell death: (i) removal of the AER of the interdigit; (ii) removal of the dorsal ectoderm of the interdigit. After the operation embryos were sacrificed at 10–12h intervals and the leg buds were studied by whole-mount cartilage staining, vital staining with neutral red and scanning electron microscopy. Between stages 27 and 30, ridge removal caused a local inhibition of the growth of the interdigit. In a high percentage of the cases, ridge removal at these stages was followed 30–40 h later by the formation of ectopic nodules of cartilage in the interdigit. The incidence of ectopic cartilage formation was maximum at stage 29 (60%). In all cases, cell death took place on schedule although the intensity and extent of necrosis appeared diminished in relation to the intensity of inhibition of interdigital growth and to the presence of interdigital cartilages. Ridge removal at stage 31 did not cause inhibition of the growth of the interdigit and ectopic chondrogenesis was only detected in 3 out of 35 operated embryos. Dorsal ectoderm removal from the proximal zone of the interdigit at stage 29 caused the chondrogenesis of the proximal interdigital mesenchyme in 6 out of 18 operated embryos. The pattern of neutral red vital staining was consistent with these results revealing a partial inhibition of interdigital cell death in the proximal zone of the interdigit. It is proposed that under the present experimental conditions the mesenchymal cells are diverted from the death programme by a primary transformation into cartilage.

scholarly journals Novel biological strategies for treatment of wear particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis of orthopaedic implants for joint replacement

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (93) ◽  
pp. 20130962 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Goodman ◽  
E. Gibon ◽  
J. Pajarinen ◽  
T.-H. Lin ◽  
M. Keeney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pathologic Fracture ◽  
Wear Particle ◽  
Wear Particles ◽  
Implant Loosening ◽  
Orthopaedic Implants ◽  
Periprosthetic Osteolysis ◽  
Joint Replacements ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Tissue Healing ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Reaction

Wear particles and by-products from joint replacements and other orthopaedic implants may result in a local chronic inflammatory and foreign body reaction. This may lead to persistent synovitis resulting in joint pain and swelling, periprosthetic osteolysis, implant loosening and pathologic fracture. Strategies to modulate the adverse effects of wear debris may improve the function and longevity of joint replacements and other orthopaedic implants, potentially delaying or avoiding complex revision surgical procedures. Three novel biological strategies to mitigate the chronic inflammatory reaction to orthopaedic wear particles are reported. These include (i) interference with systemic macrophage trafficking to the local implant site, (ii) modulation of macrophages from an M1 (pro-inflammatory) to an M2 (anti-inflammatory, pro-tissue healing) phenotype in the periprosthetic tissues, and (iii) local inhibition of the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) by delivery of an NF-κB decoy oligodeoxynucleotide, thereby interfering with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. These three approaches have been shown to be viable strategies for mitigating the undesirable effects of wear particles in preclinical studies. Targeted local delivery of specific biologics may potentially extend the lifetime of orthopaedic implants.

scholarly journals Effects of Melatonin on Peripheral Reproductive Function: Regulation of Testicular GnIH and Testosterone

Endocrinology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 152 (9) ◽  
pp. 3461-3470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolette L. McGuire ◽  
Kristina Kangas ◽  
George E. Bentley
Keyword(s):  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Melatonin Receptors ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
European Starlings ◽  
Steroid Secretion ◽  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Gonadotropin Inhibitory Hormone ◽  
The Brain

Study of seasonal reproduction has focused on the brain. Here, we show that the inhibition of sex steroid secretion can be seasonally mediated at the level of the gonad. We investigate the direct effects of melatonin on sex steroid secretion and gonadal neuropeptide expression in European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris). PCR reveals starling gonads express mRNA for gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH) and its receptor (GnIHR) and melatonin receptors 1B (Mel 1B) and 1C (Mel 1C). We demonstrate that the gonadal GnIH system is regulated seasonally, possibly via a mechanism involving melatonin. GnIH/ GnIHR expression in the testes is relatively low during breeding compared with outside the breeding season. The expression patterns of Mel 1B and Mel 1C are correlated with this expression, and melatonin up-regulates the expression of GnIH mRNA in starling gonads before breeding. In vitro, GnIH and melatonin significantly decrease testosterone secretion from LH/FSH-stimulated testes before, but not during, breeding. Thus local inhibition of sex steroid secretion appears to be regulated seasonally at the level of the gonad, by a mechanism involving melatonin and the gonadal GnIH system.

Antennal Lobe Processing Increases Separability of Odor Mixture Representations in the Honeybee

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 2185-2194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Deisig ◽  
Martin Giurfa ◽  
Jean Christophe Sandoz
Keyword(s):  
Antennal Lobe ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Insect Brain ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Local Networks ◽  
Odor Mixture ◽  
Receptor Neurons ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Input Level ◽  
Olfactory Space

Local networks within the primary olfactory centers reformat odor representations from olfactory receptor neurons to second-order neurons. By studying the rules underlying mixture representation at the input to the antennal lobe (AL), the primary olfactory center of the insect brain, we recently found that mixture representation follows a strict elemental rule in honeybees: the more a component activates the AL when presented alone, the more it is represented in a mixture. We now studied mixture representation at the output of the AL by imaging a population of second-order neurons, which convey AL processed odor information to higher brain centers. We systematically measured odor-evoked activity in 22 identified glomeruli in response to four single odorants and all their possible binary, ternary and quaternary mixtures. By comparing input and output responses, we determined how the AL network reformats mixture representation and what advantage this confers for odor discrimination. We show that increased inhibition within the AL leads to more synthetic, less elemental, mixture representation at the output level than that at the input level. As a result, mixture representations become more separable in the olfactory space, thus allowing better differentiation among floral blends in nature.

Statistical-mechanical formulation of the Willshaw model with local inhibition

1991 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 7012-7018 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Shim ◽  
D. Kim ◽  
M. Y. Choi
Keyword(s):  
Local Inhibition ◽  
Mechanical Formulation ◽  
Statistical Mechanical
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