Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Kleimaker ◽  
Alexander Kleimaker ◽  
Christian Beste ◽  
Soyoung Q. Park ◽  
Alexander Maximilian Münchau
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
General Concept ◽  
Neural Code ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorder ◽  
Event File ◽  
Sensorimotor Processing ◽  
Event Files ◽  
Theory Of Event Coding ◽  
Vocal Tics

Abstract. Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a common, multifaceted neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Although numerous neuroanatomical and neurophysiological particularities have been documented, there is no general concept or overarching theory to explain the pathophysiology of Tourette syndrome. Given the premonitory urges that precede tics and the altered sensorimotor processing in Tourette syndrome, the “Theory of Event Coding” (TEC) seems to be an attractive framework. TEC assumes that perceptions and actions are bound together and encoded using the same neural code to form so-called “event files.” Depending on the strength of the binding between perception and action, partial repetition of features of an event file can lead to increasing cost because existing event files need to be reconfigured. This is referred to as “partial repetition costs”, which appear to be increased in Tourette patients. This indicates stronger binding within “event files” in Tourette.

scholarly journals Increased perception-action binding in Tourette syndrome

Brain ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934-1945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maximilian Kleimaker ◽  
Adam Takacs ◽  
Giulia Conte ◽  
Rebecca Onken ◽  
Julius Verrel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Event File ◽  
Cognitive Framework ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Feature Overlap ◽  
Sensory Processes ◽  
Perception Action

Abstract Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by multiple motor and vocal tics. Research in Tourette syndrome has traditionally focused on the motor system. However, there is increasing evidence that perceptual and cognitive processes play a crucial role as well. Against this background it has been reasoned that processes linking perception and action might be particularly affected in these patients with the strength of perception-action binding being increased. However, this has not yet been studied experimentally. Here, we investigated adult Tourette patients within the framework of the ‘Theory of Event Coding’ using an experimental approach allowing us to directly test the strength of perception-action binding. We included 24 adult patients with Tourette syndrome and n = 24 healthy control subjects using a previously established visual-motor event file task with four levels of feature overlap requiring repeating or alternating responses. Concomitant to behavioural testing, EEG was recorded and analysed using temporal signal decomposition and source localization methods. On a behavioural level, perception-action binding was increased in Tourette patients. Tic frequency correlated with performance in conditions where unbinding processes of previously established perception-action bindings were required with higher tic frequency being associated with stronger perception-action binding. This suggests that perception-action binding is intimately related to the occurrence of tics. Analysis of EEG data showed that behavioural changes cannot be explained based on simple perceptual or motor processes. Instead, cognitive processes linking perception to action in inferior parietal cortices are crucial. Our findings suggest that motor or sensory processes alone are less relevant for the understanding of Tourette syndrome than cognitive processes engaged in linking and restructuring of perception-action association. A broader cognitive framework encompassing perception and action appears well suited to opening new routes for the understanding of Tourette syndrome.

scholarly journals An event-coding account of attitudes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Hommel ◽  
Niek Stevenson
Keyword(s):  
Outer Space ◽  
International Affective Picture System ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Event File ◽  
Perceptual Features ◽  
Theoretical Account ◽  
Event Files ◽  
Interesting Implication ◽  
Theory Of Event Coding

AbstractAttitudes (or opinions, preferences, biases, stereotypes) can be considered bindings of the perceptual features of the attitudes’ object to affective codes with positive or negative connotations, which effectively renders them “event files” in terms of the Theory of Event Coding. We tested a particularly interesting implication of this theoretical account: that affective codes might “migrate” from one event file to another (i.e., effectively function as a component of one while actually being part of another), if the two files overlap in terms of other features. We tested this feature-migration hypothesis by having participants categorize pictures of fictitious outer space characters as members of two fictitious races by pressing a left or right key, and to categorize positive and negative pictures of the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) as positive and negative by using the same two keys. When the outer space characters were later rated for likability, members of the race that was categorized by means of the same key as positive IAPS pictures were liked significantly more than members of the race that was categorized with the same key as negative IAPS pictures – suggesting that affective feature codes from the event files for the IAPS pictures effectively acted as an ingredient of event files for the outer space characters that shared the same key. These findings were fully replicated in a second experiment in which the two races were replaced by two unfamiliar fonts. These outcomes are consistent with the claim that attitudes, opinions, and preferences are represented in terms of event files and created by feature binding.

Neuropharmacological Interventions and Event File Coding in Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-229
Author(s):  
Adam Takacs ◽  
Annet Bluschke ◽  
Alexander Münchau ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Cortical Circuits ◽  
Event File ◽  
Cognitive Characteristic

Abstract. Alterations in the integration of perception and action have been proposed as a core cognitive characteristic of GTS. However, to date it is unknown how neuropharmacological interventions used to treat GTS affect the neural systems related to perception and action integration. Here, we introduce an integrated neuropsychopharmacological perspective to address this question. Specifically, we consider the relevant abnormalities in cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits. Furthermore, we highlight how GTS medication might affect the integration of perception and action in the context of event file coding.

scholarly journals The Me-File: An Event-Coding Approach to Self-Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Hommel
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Event File ◽  
Theory Of Event Coding ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Do So

Numerous authors have taken it for granted that people represent themselves or even have something like “a self”, but the underlying mechanisms remain a mystery. How do people represent themselves? Here I propose that they do so not any differently from how they represent other individuals, events, and objects: by binding codes representing the sensory consequences of being oneself into a Me-File, that is, into an event file integrating all the codes resulting from the behaving me. This amounts to a Humean bundle-self theory of selfhood, and I will explain how recent extensions of the Theory of Event Coding, a general theory of human perception and action control, provide all the necessary ingredients for specifying the mechanisms underlying such a theory. The Me-File concept is likely to provide a useful mechanistic basis for more specific and more theoretically productive experimentation, as well as for the construction of artificial agents with human-like selves.

scholarly journals All that glitters is not gold: When motor and vocal tics in a child do not match Tourette syndrome: A case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raquel Quimas Molina da Costa ◽  
Rogério Paysano Marrocos ◽  
Marco Antonio Araujo Leite ◽  
Fabio Henrique Gobbi Porto
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Extrapyramidal Symptoms ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Pantothenate Kinase ◽  
Atypical Form ◽  
Psychiatric Problems ◽  
Vocal Tics

ABSTRACT The atypical form of Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN) tends to present at around the age of 14 years, has a heterogeneous presentation with extrapyramidal symptoms, and approximately one third of patients exhibit psychiatric problems. This paper reports the case of a patient with apparent typical symptoms of Tourette syndrome. However, the severity and poor response to treatment led to further investigation and the diagnosis of PKAN as a secondary cause of Tourettism was reached.

scholarly journals Challenging perspectives on Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome – evidence for a disorder of purposeful actions

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Vocal Tics

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (GTS) is a multi-faceted neuropsychiatric developmental disorder with onset in childhood or adolescence. It is characterised by multiple motor and vocal tics that can cause considerable problems including social stigmatisation, low self-esteem and secondary comorbidity, particularly depression.

Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome and Mania in an Adolescent

1985 ◽  
Vol 146 (6) ◽  
pp. 664-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avraham Bleich ◽  
Edna Bernout ◽  
Alan Apter ◽  
Sam Tyano
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Manic Episode ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorder ◽  
Biochemical Basis ◽  
Expanded Concept

SummaryThe case is presented of a twelve-year-old boy suffering simultaneously from Tourette Syndrome (TS) and a manic episode. The problems of this unique clinical association are discussed from the point of view of differential diagnosis, treatment, and possible biochemical basis. The case also illustrates the usefulness of the expanded concept of TS as a neuropsychiatric disorder with dys-regulation of perceptual, motor, and cognitive functioning.

Binding of Event Files in a (go/no-go) Simon Task With an Accessory Peripheral Signal

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Maetens ◽  
David Henderickx ◽  
Eric Soetens
Keyword(s):  
Simon Effect ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Simon Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Response Signal ◽  
Event File ◽  
Response Information ◽  
Event Files ◽  
Accessory Stimulus ◽  
Accessory Signal

To understand the relation between the Simon effect and the time course of relevant and irrelevant code activations, we presented the response signal before or simultaneously with a go/no-go signal in an accessory Simon task. A peripheral accessory signal could appear before, simultaneously with or after the go/no-go signal. We observed a Simon effect when the accessory signal was presented just before or simultaneously with the go signal, irrespective of the delay between response and go/no-go signal. The Simon effect reversed when the accessory signal was presented 150 ms after the go signal when response information was presented first and the participants had to make a go/no-go decision afterwards or when they had to select a response when the go signal appeared. The reversal did not occur when both decisions were required at the same time. Our data suggest that the integration and release of event files are involved in the occurrence of the reversal. Response activation induced by the accessory stimulus facilitates/interferes with the response when it is presented before the event file is integrated. When the accessory stimulus is presented after integration, the automatically activated response is inhibited, causing a delay in the corresponding reaction times.

Theory of event coding: Interesting, but underspecified

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 897-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Oriet ◽  
Biljana Stevanovski ◽  
Pierre Jolicoeur
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Theory Of Event Coding ◽  
Perception Action ◽  
New Framework

The Theory of Event Coding (TEC) is a new framework for understanding interactions between perception and action. We are concerned that the theory is underspecified, showing that it can easily be used to make exactly opposite predictions. Precise specification of the time course of activation and binding is needed to make the theory useful for understanding the perception-action interface.

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