Trauma, Pain, and Psychological Distress

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nicholas Carleton ◽  
Sophie Duranceau ◽  
Katherine A. McMillan ◽  
Gordon J. G. Asmundson
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Acoustic Startle ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Startle Probe ◽  
Assessment And Treatment

Abstract. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) are highly prevalent ( Breslau, 2002 ) and comorbid disorders ( Otis, Keane, & Kerns, 2003 ). The shared vulnerability model explains this overlap in part through a common attentional bias toward threat ( Asmundson, Coons, Taylor, & Katz, 2002 ). The current study made use of the acoustic startle to assess cognitive bias to threat in participants (n = 106; 64% women) who reported experiencing a motor vehicle accident (MVA). Participants were divided into five groups based on their diagnoses: PTSD, CMP, both PTSD and CMP, any general (i.e., non-PTSD) anxiety disorder with no CMP, and a no-disorder Control group. Self-report measures were used to assess psychological symptoms, trauma response, and pain-related factors. Word stimuli (i.e., trauma, sensory pain, health, pleasant, neutral) were presented visually prior to onset of the acoustic startle probe to assess for diagnosis-congruent attentional biases (e.g., persons with PTSD respond differently to trauma words). Relative to the general anxiety and control group, persons with PTSD or chronic pain demonstrated delayed startle peak and greater startle intensity across all word stimuli types; the results suggest there may be psychophysiologically measurable differences associated with PTSD and pain. The startle probe paradigm remains relatively nascent for such research, but has potential utility for assessment and treatment monitoring. Comprehensive results, discussion, and implications are analyzed.

scholarly journals Psychopathic Personality Traits as a Protective Factor against the Development of Intrusive Memories

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-12
Author(s):  
Caroline Moul ◽  
Angela Nickerson
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Psychopathic Personality ◽  
Intrusive Memories ◽  
Short Video

Background People with psychopathic personality traits have been shown to have low rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Contemporary theoretical models of PTSD and psychopathy converge to suggest that a bias in the type of information that is encoded into memory is a core component of both disorders. We tested the hypothesis that people with psychopathic personality traits have a reduced susceptibility to developing intrusion-related symptoms. Method Participants completed self-report measures before watching a short video depicting the aftermath of a motor vehicle accident. The participants recorded their intrusive memories for seven days before returning for a follow-up assessment. Results Psychopathic personality score was found to be a significant negative predictor of intrusion-related experiences at follow-up. This relationship was mediated by the vividness of intrusions. Conclusion The results support the hypothesis that the balance between the encoding of perceptual versus conceptual properties is a core feature both in the aetiology of PTSD and in people with psychopathic personality traits.

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL TREATMENT OF POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER AFTER MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT

1999 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Fecteau ◽  
Richard Nicki
Keyword(s):  
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder ◽  
Traumatic Stress ◽  
Stress Disorder ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Vehicle Accident ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Post Traumatic

Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and other reactions including driving phobias and depression have in recent years been clearly identified as common motor vehicle accident (MVA) sequelae. To date, no treatment outcome data exist for PTSD following MVA beyond case study reports and one pilot investigation. The present study reports on the first randomized control trial for PTSD following MVA. Twenty volunteer participants who had motor vehicle accidents resulting in physical injury requiring medical attention and PTSD were recruited through rehabilitation service providers, other psychologists, community physicians, and lawyers. Assessments included a structured interview for diagnosis of post traumatic stress disorder (Clinician Administered PTSD Scale) by an independent rater, a range of self-report symptom questionnaires and a behavioural test wherein they had their heart rate and subjective distress measured in reaction to idiosyncratic audio descriptions of their accident. Participants were randomly assigned to eight to ten hours of individual cognitive-behavioural therapy (n=10) or to a wait list control group (n=10). Treatment included education about post-trauma reactions, relaxation training, exposure therapy with cognitive restructuring and instruction for self-directed graduated behaviour practice. Results demonstrated statistically and clinically significant treatment effects across structured interviews, self-report questionnaires and the behavioural test. Treatment gains were maintained over a 6 month follow-up using self-report questionnaires.

Social Desirability and Irritable Bowel Syndrome

1992 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda B. Toner ◽  
Eileen Koyama ◽  
Paul E. Garfinkel ◽  
Kursheed N. Jeejeebhoy ◽  
Ines Di Gasbarro
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Social Desirability Scale ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
And Control

The Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale, a 33-item self-report questionnaire, was administered to an age-matched sample of twenty-five irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients, twenty-four psychiatric patients meeting a diagnosis of major depression, and nineteen controls. As predicted, planned comparisons analysis showed a significant group effect: IBS group scores were significantly higher than both depressed and control group scores ( p < .05). Implications of this social desirability response set for the psychological assessment and treatment of IBS are discussed.

scholarly journals Trauma-Associated Pulmonary Laceration in Dogs—A Cross Sectional Study of 364 Dogs

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 41
Author(s):  
Giovanna Bertolini ◽  
Chiara Briola ◽  
Luca Angeloni ◽  
Arianna Costa ◽  
Paola Rocchi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertebral Fracture ◽  
Thoracic Trauma ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Lung Abscess ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fracture Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pulmonary Laceration

In this study, we describe the computed tomography (CT) features of pulmonary laceration in a study population, which included 364 client-owned dogs that underwent CT examination for thoracic trauma, and compared the characteristics and outcomes of dogs with and without CT evidence of pulmonary laceration. Lung laceration occurred in 46/364 dogs with thoracic trauma (prevalence 12.6%). Dogs with lung laceration were significantly younger than dogs in the control group (median 42 months (interquartile range (IQR) 52.3) and 62 months (IQR 86.1), respectively; p = 0.02). Dogs with lung laceration were significantly heavier than dogs without laceration (median 20.8 kg (IQR 23.3) and median 8.7 kg (IQR 12.4 kg), respectively p < 0.0001). When comparing groups of dogs with thoracic trauma with and without lung laceration, the frequency of high-energy motor vehicle accident trauma was more elevated in dogs with lung laceration than in the control group. No significant differences were observed between groups regarding tge frequency and length of hospitalization and 30-day mortality. Similar to the human classification scheme, four CT patterns are described in dogs in this study: Type 1, large pulmonary laceration located deeply in the pulmonary parenchyma or around an interlobar fissure; Type 2, laceration occurring in the paraspinal lung parenchyma, not associated with vertebral fracture; Type 3, subpleural lung laceration intimately associated with an adjacent rib or vertebral fracture; Type 4, subpleural lesions not associated with rib fractures. Complications were seen in 2/46 dogs and included lung abscess and collapse.

Understanding Breast Implant Illness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill M Newby ◽  
Samantha Tang ◽  
Kate Faasse ◽  
Maria J Sharrock ◽  
William P Adams
Keyword(s):  
Service Use ◽  
Psychological Symptoms ◽  
Breast Implant ◽  
Health Anxiety ◽  
Breast Implants ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Use Patterns

Abstract Introduction Breast implant surgery is the most common plastic surgery procedure performed globally. A subset of women with breast implants report experiencing a myriad of disabling and distressing physical and psychological symptoms attributed to their implants. Social media groups have coined the condition ‘Breast Implant Illness’ (BII). Little to no scientific research currently exists for BII. Objectives To investigate the experiences of women with BII (both those with implants still in place and those who have explanted) and compare them to a control group of women with implants, without BII. Methods Women with self-reported BII and implants still in place (n = 51), self-reported BII who had explanted (n = 60) and women with implants in place without BII (n = 58) completed online self-report questionnaires about their symptoms, physical and mental health, health service use patterns and lifestyle factors (eg, exercise, smoking, alcohol consumption). Results Women with BII, regardless of whether they had undergone explant surgery, reported experiencing more severe somatic symptoms, higher depression, anxiety and health anxiety, and poorer physical health compared to women without BII. Conclusions These findings highlight the need for further investigation into the causes, risk factors, long-term effects and potential interventions for women who experience BII.

scholarly journals Effect of an educational leaflet on the frequency of seat belt use and the rate of motor vehicle accidents during pregnancy in Japan in 2018: a prospective, non-randomised control trial with a questionnaire survey

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. e031839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoru Morikawa ◽  
Takashi Yamada ◽  
Hiromasa Kogo ◽  
Masaki Sugawara ◽  
Akira Nishikawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Seat Belt ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Randomised Control Trial ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Vehicle Accidents ◽  
Vehicle Accident ◽  
Seat Belt Use

ObjectiveTo determine whether an educational leaflet had any effect on seat belt use, seat preference and motor vehicle accidents rate during pregnancy in Japan.DesignProspective, non-randomised control trial with a questionnaire survey.SettingEight obstetric hospitals in Sapporo, Japan.Participants2216 pregnant women, of whom 1105 received the leaflet (intervention group) and 1111 did not (control group).InterventionsDistribution of an educational leaflet on seat belt use to women in the intervention group.Primary outcome measuresThe effect of an educational leaflet on seat belt use, each pregnant woman’s seat preference and the women’s rates of motor vehicle accidents rate during their pregnancies. To evaluate the effects, the intervention group’s responses to the questionnaires were compared with those of the control group.ResultsThe proportion of subjects who always used seat belts during pregnancy was significantly higher in the intervention group (91.3%) than in the control group (86.7%; p=0.0005). Among all subjects, the percentage of women who preferred the driver’s seat was lower during pregnancy (27.0%) than before pregnancy (38.7%), and the percentage of women who preferred the rear seat was higher during pregnancy (28.8%) than before pregnancy (21.0%). These two rates did not differ between two groups. Seventy-one women (3.2%) reported experiencing a motor vehicle accident during pregnancy. The motor vehicle accident rate for the intervention group (3.3%) was similar to that for the control group (3.2%).ConclusionsAn educational seat belt leaflet was effective in raising the rate of consistent seat belt use during pregnancy, but it did not decrease the rate of motor vehicle accidents. The wearing of seat belts should be promoted more extensively among pregnant women to decrease rates of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality from motor vehicle accidents.

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