scholarly journals Masked Primes Can Be Genuinely Semantically Processed

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Van den Bussche ◽  
Karolien Notebaert ◽  
Bert Reynvoet
Keyword(s):  
Task Context ◽  
Large Stimulus ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Large Target ◽  
Target Set ◽  
Previous Claim ◽  
Subliminal Processing ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Category

Van den Bussche and Reynvoet (2007) argued that since significant priming was observed for novel primes from a large category, subliminal primes can be processed semantically. However, a possible confound in this study was the presence of nonsemantic effects such as orthographic overlap between primes and targets. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to validate our previous claim when nonsemantic influences are avoided. The second aim was to investigate the impact of nonsemantic stimulus processing on priming effects by manipulating target set size. The results showed that when nonsemantic effects are eliminated by presenting primes as pictures and targets as words, significant priming emerged for large stimulus categories and a large target set. This cannot be explained by nonsemantic accounts of subliminal processing and shows that subliminal primes can be truly semantically processed. However, when using a limited amount of targets, stimulating nonsemantic processing, priming disappeared. This indicates that the task context will determine whether stimuli will be processed semantically or nonsemantically, which in turn can influence priming effects.

The impact of text orientation on form priming effects in four-character Chinese words.

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (8) ◽  
pp. 1511-1526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huilan Yang ◽  
Jingjun Chen ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Stephen J. Lupker
Keyword(s):  
Priming Effects ◽  
The Impact

Automatic Deep Learning-Based Consolidation/Collapse Classification in Lung Ultrasound Images for COVID-19 Induced Pneumonia

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nabeel Durrani ◽  
Damjan Vukovic ◽  
Maria Antico ◽  
Jeroen van der Burgt ◽  
Ruud JG van van Sloun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Class Imbalance ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Pleural Effusions ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Label Noise ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Video Frames ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Impact

<div>Our automated deep learning-based approach identifies consolidation/collapse in LUS images to aid in the diagnosis of late stages of COVID-19 induced pneumonia, where consolidation/collapse is one of the possible associated pathologies. A common challenge in training such models is that annotating each frame of an ultrasound video requires high labelling effort. This effort in practice becomes prohibitive for large ultrasound datasets. To understand the impact of various degrees of labelling precision, we compare labelling strategies to train fully supervised models (frame-based method, higher labelling effort) and inaccurately supervised models (video-based methods, lower labelling effort), both of which yield binary predictions for LUS videos on a frame-by-frame level. We moreover introduce a novel sampled quaternary method which randomly samples only 10% of the LUS video frames and subsequently assigns (ordinal) categorical labels to all frames in the video based on the fraction of positively annotated samples. This method outperformed the inaccurately supervised video-based method of our previous work on pleural effusions. More surprisingly, this method outperformed the supervised frame-based approach with respect to metrics such as precision-recall area under curve (PR-AUC) and F1 score that are suitable for the class imbalance scenario of our dataset despite being a form of inaccurate learning. This may be due to the combination of a significantly smaller data set size compared to our previous work and the higher complexity of consolidation/collapse compared to pleural effusion, two factors which contribute to label noise and overfitting; specifically, we argue that our video-based method is more robust with respect to label noise and mitigates overfitting in a manner similar to label smoothing. Using clinical expert feedback, separate criteria were developed to exclude data from the training and test sets respectively for our ten-fold cross validation results, which resulted in a PR-AUC score of 73% and an accuracy of 89%. While the efficacy of our classifier using the sampled quaternary method must be verified on a larger consolidation/collapse dataset, when considering the complexity of the pathology, our proposed classifier using the sampled quaternary video-based method is clinically comparable with trained experts and improves over the video-based method of our previous work on pleural effusions.</div>

The impact of consonant–vowel transpositions on masked priming effects in Italian and English

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-198
Author(s):  
Lucia Colombo ◽  
Giacomo Spinelli ◽  
Stephen J Lupker
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Previous Literature ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Orthographic Coding ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Orthographic Code

There are now a number of reports in the literature that transposed letter (TL) priming effects emerge when two consonants are transposed (e.g., caniso-CASINO) but not when two vowels are transposed (e.g., cinaso-CASINO). In the present article, four masked priming lexical decision experiments, two in Italian and two in English, are reported in which TL priming effects involving the transposition of two adjacent consonants (e.g., atnenna-ANTENNA) were contrasted with those involving the transposition of a vowel and an adjacent consonant (e.g., anetnna-ANTENNA), a contrast not directly examined in the previous literature. In none of the experiments was there any indication that the priming effects were different sizes for the two types of transpositions, including Experiment 4 in which a sandwich priming paradigm was used. These results support the assumption of most orthographic coding models that the consonant–vowel status of the letters is not relevant to the nature of the orthographic code. The question of how to reconcile these results with other TL manipulations investigating vowel versus consonant transpositions is discussed.

scholarly journals Active and passive: two ways party systems influence electoral outcomes

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 451-467
Author(s):  
Miroslav Nemčok
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Electoral Systems ◽  
Party Systems ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Electoral Outcomes ◽  
Chapel Hill ◽  
Ideological Polarization ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Choice Set

AbstractParties can not only actively adjust the electoral rules to reach more favourable outcomes, as is most often recognized in political science, but they also passively create an environment that systematically influences electoral competition. This link is theorized and included in the wider framework capturing the mutual dependence of electoral systems and party systems. The impact of passive influence is successfully tested on one out of two factors closely related to party systems: choice set size (i.e., number of options provided to voters) and degree of ideological polarization. The research utilizes established datasets (i.e., Constituency-Level Elections Archive, Party System Polarization Index, Chapel Hill Expert Survey, and Manifesto Project Database) and via regression analysis with clustered robust standard errors concludes that the choice set size constitutes an attribute with passive influence over electoral systems. Thus, it must be reflected when outcomes of electoral systems are estimated or compared across various contexts.

scholarly journals Group Self-Evalulation Primes for Autonomous Motivation in Collaborative Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ijsbrand kramer ◽  
Nathalie Franc ◽  
Francois Maricourt ◽  
muriel Cohen ◽  
Thomas Fau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Learning ◽  
Autonomous Motivation ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group Self ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation Inventory

We look at group work from a self-determination theory perspective and argue that internalized motivation is the best condition for productive collaboration. A perceived sense of autonomy plays an important role herein. This autonomy is determined by the characteristics of the task and the openness and acceptance of the group. Group dysfunction, or the fear of it, impedes autonomy, even if the task context is fully autonomy supportive. Means of uncovering the functioning of group members could reduce dysfunction or lower the fear of it. Using a full scale intrinsic motivation inventory, we measured the impact of group self-evaluation on the quality of motivation over a 4-year period with a total of 355 participants in a collaborative learning project in high schools (K11). We show that, compared to the control population, students exhibit a much more internalized motivation profile, with effect sizes in the range of medium to large for the different parameters. We conclude that group self-evaluation primes students for autonomous motivation. We suggest that the procedure should be applied systematically in substantial collaborative projects. <br>

scholarly journals Does More Information Lead to Better Informing?

10.28945/2383 ◽  
2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meliha Handzic
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Decision Accuracy ◽  
Information Availability ◽  
Available Information ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Practical Implications

This study investigated the impact of increased information availability on people's ability to process and use information in a judgemental decision making task context. The main findings indicate that increased availability had a detrimental effect on people's information processing efficiency. This, in turn, led to reduced decision accuracy. These findings have important practical implications, as they emphasise the danger of ever increasing information supply enabled by new technology. The findings also suggest a need for future research aimed at improving people's ability to make sense of the available information.

scholarly journals Manipulating the Pitch Size Constrains the Players’ Positioning during Unbalanced Soccer Small-Sided Games Played by Different Age Groups

Kinesiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-214
Author(s):  
Gibson Moreira Praca ◽  
André Gustavo Pereira de Andrade ◽  
Cristóvão de Oliveira Abreu ◽  
Pedro Emilio Drumond Moreira ◽  
Filipe Manuel Clemente ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Task Context ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Spatial Exploration ◽  
Pitch Length ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positional Data

We aim to investigate the impact of variable soccer pitch sizes on the position of players during unbalanced small-sided games (SSGs) and compare the responses of players from two different age groups. Forty-eight young players (n = 24 under-13 and n = 24 under-14) took part in the study and played 3 vs. 3 + 1 SSGs on two different pitch sizes (smaller: 36 x 27 m / 139m2 per player; and larger: 40 x 29 m / 166 m2 per player). Players’ positions on the pitch (length, width, length-to-width ratio, stretching index, and spatial exploration index) were assessed by the positional data provided by global position system devices and were compared within age groups and between game formats using a two-way analysis of variance. Results showed higher values of spatial exploration index in the larger SSGs than in the smaller format (p&lt;.001). Moreover, a higher length (p&lt;0.001) and length-to-width ratio (p&lt;.001) was observed in the younger group. Finally, the larger format presented higher values of SEI and stretching index, independent of the age group (p&lt;.001). In the smaller format, U-14 players presented a higher stretching index, while in the larger format U-13 players presented higher values in the same variable. We conclude that enlarging the pitch size constrains players’ behaviour during SSGs, and older players are more able to deal with this more complex task context than younger ones.

scholarly journals Transplant Depth Influences Tomato Yield and Maturity

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles S. Vavrina ◽  
Stephen M. Olson ◽  
Phyllis R. Gilreath ◽  
Mary L. Lamberts
Keyword(s):  
Lycopersicon Esculentum ◽  
Planting Depth ◽  
True Leaf ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Large Category

`Agriset', `All Star', and `Colonial' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) transplants set to a depth of the first true leaf and `Cobia' transplants set to a depth of the cotyledon leaves yielded more fruit at first harvest than plants set to the top of the rootball (root–shoot interface). The increase in fruit count was predominantly in the extra-large category. More red fruit at first harvest suggested that deeper planting hastens tomato maturity. The impact of planting depth diminished with successive harvests, indicating the response to be primarily a first-harvest phenomenon in tomato.

scholarly journals Implicit food odour priming effects on reactivity and inhibitory control towards foods

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Mas ◽  
Marie-Claude Brindisi ◽  
Claire Chabanet ◽  
Stéphanie Chambaron
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Priming Effects ◽  
Control Patterns ◽  
Food Pictures ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe food environment can interact with cognitive processing and influence eating behaviour. Our objective was to characterize the impact of implicit olfactory priming on inhibitory control towards food, in groups with different weight status. Ninety-two adults completed a modified Affective Shifting Task: they had to detect target stimuli and ignore distractor stimuli while being primed with non-attentively perceived odours. We measured reactivity and inhibitory control towards food pictures. Priming effects were observed on reactivity: participants with overweight and obesity were slower when primed with pear and pound cake odour respectively. Common inhibitory control patterns toward foods were observed between groups. We suggest that non-attentively perceived food cues influence bottom-up processing by activating distinguished mental representations according to weight status. Also, our data show that cognitive load influences inhibitory control toward foods. Those results contribute to understanding how the environment can influence eating behaviour in individuals with obesity.

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