The Expression of Ego Depletion

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Furley ◽  
Sebastian Kohlhaas ◽  
Chris Englert ◽  
Arne Nieuwenhuys ◽  
Alex Bertrams
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Ego Depletion ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Thin Slices ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Thin Slices Of Behavior ◽  
Interpersonal Effects

Abstract. Is depleted self-control capacity detectable from thin slices of behavior? In four video-conditions (early-depleted; early-non-depleted; late-depleted; late-non-depleted) untrained observers rated target persons’ available self-control capacity in Experiments 1 and 2 (without sound) and in terms of fatigue and negative affect (Experiment 3). Videos were analyzed with Noldus FaceReader software (Experiment 4). Ego depletion could reliably be detected from thin slices of behavior. Nonverbal expressions coinciding with ego depletion are associated with cues signaling momentary levels of self-control capacity, fatigue, and some negative affective states. FaceReader analyses indicated that facial expressions coinciding with ego depletion are subtle and are extractable from facial dynamics rather than expression intensities. Results indicate that self-control depletion might not only have intrapersonal effects, but also interpersonal effects.

scholarly journals Distinct facial expressions represent pain and pleasure across cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (43) ◽  
pp. E10013-E10021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chaona Chen ◽  
Carlos Crivelli ◽  
Oliver G. B. Garrod ◽  
Philippe G. Schyns ◽  
José-Miguel Fernández-Dols ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Information Theoretic ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
Dynamic Facial Expressions ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Affective Experiences ◽  
New Research

Real-world studies show that the facial expressions produced during pain and orgasm—two different and intense affective experiences—are virtually indistinguishable. However, this finding is counterintuitive, because facial expressions are widely considered to be a powerful tool for social interaction. Consequently, debate continues as to whether the facial expressions of these extreme positive and negative affective states serve a communicative function. Here, we address this debate from a novel angle by modeling the mental representations of dynamic facial expressions of pain and orgasm in 40 observers in each of two cultures (Western, East Asian) using a data-driven method. Using a complementary approach of machine learning, an information-theoretic analysis, and a human perceptual discrimination task, we show that mental representations of pain and orgasm are physically and perceptually distinct in each culture. Cross-cultural comparisons also revealed that pain is represented by similar face movements across cultures, whereas orgasm showed distinct cultural accents. Together, our data show that mental representations of the facial expressions of pain and orgasm are distinct, which questions their nondiagnosticity and instead suggests they could be used for communicative purposes. Our results also highlight the potential role of cultural and perceptual factors in shaping the mental representation of these facial expressions. We discuss new research directions to further explore their relationship to the production of facial expressions.

A Multi-Level Examination of Personality, Exercise, and Daily Life Events for Individuals with Physical Disabilities

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter R. Giacobbi ◽  
Brent Hardin ◽  
Nancy Frye ◽  
Heather A. Hausenblas ◽  
Sam Sears ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Physical Disabilities ◽  
Cognitive Appraisals ◽  
Exercise Behavior ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Moderating Role

We assessed within- and between-person associations among appraisals of daily life events, positive and negative affective states, and exercise behavior and the moderating role of personality for the exercise/affect relationship with individuals with physical disabilities. Forty-eight individuals with physical disabilities completed measures of personality and daily assessments of affect, exercise, and cognitive appraisals of life events for eight consecutive days. The results revealed that exercise behavior was associated with increased positive and decreased negative affect even when associations between daily events and affect were statistically controlled. Finally, aspects of personality, especially Neuroticism, significantly moderated the exercise/affect relationship for both positive and negative affect.

scholarly journals Self-projection in mental state attribution of similar and dissimilar others

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Trilla ◽  
Friedrich Eiserbeck ◽  
Isabel Dziobek
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Perceived Similarity ◽  
Emotional Facial Expressions ◽  
Mental State Attribution ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Self Knowledge ◽  
Subject Experiment

Research has shown that people rely more strongly on self-knowledge when making inferences about the attitudes and beliefs of individuals they perceive similar to themselves, compared to dissimilar others. The current study investigated whether similarity also influences the extent to which individuals project their own affective states during emotion inferences. In a within-subject experiment, the perceived similarity between the participants and a series of target faces was manipulated using a minimal group paradigm. To measure affective self-projections, participants made quick judgments about ambiguous emotional facial expressions of similar and dissimilar targets after being induced positive and negative affective states. Confirming the occurrence of emotional egocentricity, the own affective states biased the emotion attributions, such that facial expressions were judged as happier after positive induction than after negative induction. However, against our hypothesis, the degree of emotional egocentricity did not differ for similar and dissimilar targets. Our results suggest that, contrarily to more evaluative forms of mental state attribution, the tendency to project the own affective states during lower-level processes of emotion inferences is not dependent on the perceived similarity with the other.

scholarly journals Affect-congruent attention drives changes in reward expectations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Bennett ◽  
Angela Radulescu ◽  
Samuel Zorowitz ◽  
Valkyrie Felso ◽  
Yael Niv
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Compound Stimuli ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Stimulus Features ◽  
Insight Into

Positive and negative affective states are respectively associated with optimistic and pessimistic expectations regarding future reward. One mechanism that might underlie these affect-related expectation biases is attention to positive- versus negative-valence stimulus features (e.g., attending to the positive reviews of a restaurant versus its expensive price). Here we tested the effects of experimentally induced positive and negative affect on feature-based attention in 120 participants completing a compound-generalization task with eye-tracking. We found that participants' reward expectations for novel compound stimuli were modulated by the affect induction in an affect-congruent way: positive affect increased reward expectations for compounds, whereas negative affect decreased reward expectations. Computational modelling and eye-tracking analyses each revealed that these effects were driven by affect-congruent changes in participants' allocation of attention to high- versus low-value features of compound stimuli. These results provide mechanistic insight into a process by which affect produces biases in generalized reward expectations.

scholarly journals Overtraining During Preseason: Stress and Negative Affective States Among Professional Rugby Union Players

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam R. Nicholls ◽  
Jim McKenna ◽  
Remco C.J. Polman ◽  
Susan H. Backhouse
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Rugby Union ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Experience Of Stress ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Training Structure

The aim of this study was to explore the perceived factors that contribute to stress and negative affective states during preseason among a sample of professional rugby union players. The participants were 12 male professional rugby union players between 18 and 21 years of age (M age = 19 years, SD = 0.85). Data were collected via semistructured interviews and analyzed using an inductive content analysis procedure. Players identified training (structure and volume), the number of matches played and the recovery period, diet, sleep, and travel as factors that they believed contributed to their experience of stress and negative affective states. The present findings suggest that players may require more time to recover between matches, alongside interventions to help players manage the symptoms of stress and negative affect during times in which players are overtraining.

scholarly journals The costs of over-control in anorexia nervosa: evidence from fMRI and ecological momentary assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Pauligk ◽  
Maria Seidel ◽  
Sophia Fürtjes ◽  
Joseph A. King ◽  
Daniel Geisler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Ecological Momentary Assessment ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Fmri Session ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
Ecological Momentary ◽  
Momentary Assessment

AbstractA growing body of evidence suggests that a high level of self-control may, despite its positive effects, influence cognitive processing in an unfavorable manner. However, the affective costs of self-control have only rarely been investigated. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder that is often characterized by excessive self-control. Here, we used fMRI to explore whether over-control in AN may have negative affective consequences. 36 predominantly adolescent female AN patients and 36 age-matched healthy controls (HC) viewed negative and neutral pictures during two separate fMRI sessions before and after 10 min of rest. We tested whether abnormally elevated neural activity during the initial presentation in a brain region broadly implicated in top-down control, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), could predict subsequent activation in limbic areas relevant to bottom-up affective processing. Using ecological momentary assessment (EMA), we also tested for associations between the aforementioned neuroimaging markers and negative affective states in the two weeks following the experiment. fMRI data revealed that higher initial activation of the dlPFC in AN predicted increased amygdala reactivity during the second fMRI session, which in turn was related to increased self-reported tension during two weeks following the scan. These data suggest that over-control in AN patients may come at a cost including negative affective states on a short (minutes) as well as a longer time scale (days). This mechanism may significantly contribute to the persistence of AN.

scholarly journals Using Computer-vision and Machine Learning to Automate Facial Coding of Positive and Negative Affect Intensity

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathaniel Haines ◽  
Matthew W. Southward ◽  
Jennifer S. Cheavens ◽  
Theodore Beauchaine ◽  
Woo-Young Ahn
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Computer Vision ◽  
Facial Expression ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Interpersonal Communication ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Affect Intensity ◽  
Facial Action

AbstractFacial expressions are fundamental to interpersonal communication, including social interaction, and allow people of different ages, cultures, and languages to quickly and reliably convey emotional information. Historically, facial expression research has followed from discrete emotion theories, which posit a limited number of distinct affective states that are represented with specific patterns of facial action. Much less work has focused on dimensional features of emotion, particularly positive and negative affect intensity. This is likely, in part, because achieving inter-rater reliability for facial action and affect intensity ratings is painstaking and labor-intensive. We use computer-vision and machine learning (CVML) to identify patterns of facial actions in 4,648 video recordings of 125 human participants, which show strong correspondences to positive and negative affect intensity ratings obtained from highly trained coders. Our results show that CVML can both (1) determine the importance of different facial actions that human coders use to derive positive and negative affective ratings, and (2) efficiently automate positive and negative affect intensity coding on large facial expression databases. Further, we show that CVML can be applied to individual human judges to infer which facial actions they use to generate perceptual emotion ratings from facial expressions.

A Cluster Analysis of Affective States Before and During Competition

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 600-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Martinent ◽  
Michel Nicolas ◽  
Patrick Gaudreau ◽  
Mickaël Campo
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Positive Affect ◽  
Achievement Goal ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Cluster Analyses ◽  
Negative Affective States ◽  
High Positive Affect

The purposes of the current study were to identify affective profiles of athletes both before and during the competition and to examine differences between these profiles on coping and attainment of sport goals among a sample of 306 athletes. The results of hierarchical (Ward’s method) and nonhierarchical (k means) cluster analyses revealed four different clusters both before and during the competition. The four clusters were very similar at the two measurement occasions: high positive affect facilitators (n = 88 and 81), facilitators (n = 75 and 25), low affect debilitators (n = 83 and 127), and high negative affect debilitators (n = 60 and 73). Results of MANOVAs revealed that coping and attainment of sport achievement goal significantly differed across the affective profiles. Results are discussed in terms of current research on positive and negative affective states.

scholarly journals Identifying Racial Minorities' Nationality: Non-verbal Accent as a Cue to Cultural Group Membership

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvette D. Alcott ◽  
Susan E. Watt
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Group Membership ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Cultural Group ◽  
Lay Theory ◽  
Thin Slices ◽  
Facial Expressions Of Emotion ◽  
Thin Slices Of Behavior ◽  
Source Of Information

Historically, racial appearance has been a common source of information upon which we categorize others, as have verbal accents. Enculturated non-verbal accents which are detected in facial expressions of emotion, hairstyle, and everyday behaviors, have also been found to exist. We investigated the effects of non-verbal accent on categorization and stereotyping when people are exposed to thin slices of behavior. The effects of racial essentialism, which inclines people to categorize and assess others by race, were also tested. In three studies, Australian participants were shown short, muted videos of target individuals performing everyday behaviors. The targets were of a minority (Asian) racial appearance, but half had been interracially adopted as babies and grew up in the Australian mainstream. The other half were foreign nationals who grew up in Asia. In Studies 1 and 2, Australian participants rated each target as Australian or foreign. In both studies, they correctly identified the targets at above chance levels. In Study 3, participants rated the targets on Australian and Asian stereotype traits. They were not told that some targets were Australian and some were foreign, but they nonetheless rated the congruent stereotypes more strongly. Lay theory of race moderated the effect of non-verbal accent, with a weaker effect among participants who endorsed racial essentialism. These preliminary findings reveal subtle effects of non-verbal accent as a cue to cultural group membership and invite further work into the effects of non-verbal accent on person perception and categorization processes.

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