The Nature and Nurture of HEXACO Personality Trait Differences

2019 ◽  
Vol 227 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Kandler ◽  
Julia Richter ◽  
Alexandra Zapko-Willmes
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Family Study ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Random Measurement Error ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
Nature And Nurture ◽  
Spousal Similarity

Abstract. This study was designed to provide detailed estimates of genetic and environmental sources of variance in the HEXACO personality traits. For this purpose, we analyzed data from a German extended twin family study including 573 pairs of twins as well as 208 mothers, 119 fathers, 228 spouses, and 143 offspring of twins. All participants provided self-reports on the HEXACO-60. Extended twin family analyses using structural equation modeling (SEM) yielded that additive and nonadditive genetic influences accounted for about 50% of the variance in personality traits. The remaining variance was primarily due to individual-specific environmental sources and random measurement error. Spousal similarity in Openness was attributable to assortative mating, whereas spousal similarity in Honesty-Humility was attributable to environmental circumstances, partly due to a shared social background and spouse-specific effects. Our analyses yielded specifics for different personality traits. However, transmission of trait similarity from one generation to the next was primarily genetic.

scholarly journals The Incremental Validity of Average State Self-Reports Over Global Self-Reports of Personality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Finnigan ◽  
Simine Vazire
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Self Bias ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Average State

Personality traits are most often assessed using global self-reports of one’s general patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, recent theories have challenged the idea that global self-reports are the best way to assess traits. Whole Trait Theory postulates that repeated measures of a person’s self-reported personality states (i.e., the average of many state self-reports) can be an alternative and potentially superior way of measuring a person’s trait level (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015). Our goal is to examine the validity of average state self-reports of personality for measuring between-person differences in what people are typically like. In order to validate average states as a measure of personality, we examine if they are incrementally valid in predicting informant reports above and beyond global self-reports. In two samples, we find that average state self-reports tend to correlate with informant reports, although this relationship is weaker than the relationship between global self-reports and informant reports. Further, using structural equation modeling, we find that average state self-reports do not significantly predict informant reports independently of global self-reports. Our results suggest that average state self-reports may not contain information about between-person differences in personality traits beyond what is captured by global self-reports, and that average state self-reports may contain more self-bias than is commonly believed. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on daily manifestations of personality and the accuracy of self-reports.

scholarly journals The Incremental Validity of Average State Self-Reports Over Global Self-Reports of Personality

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Finnigan ◽  
Simine Vazire
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Self Bias ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Trait Level ◽  
Self Reports ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Average State

Personality traits are most often assessed using global self-reports of one’s general patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior. However, recent theories have challenged the idea that global self-reports are the best way to assess traits. Whole Trait Theory postulates that repeated measures of a person’s self-reported personality states (i.e., the average of many state self-reports) can be an alternative and potentially superior way of measuring a person’s trait level (Fleeson & Jayawickreme, 2015). Our goal is to examine the validity of average state self-reports of personality for measuring between-person differences in what people are typically like. In order to validate average states as a measure of personality, we examine if they are incrementally valid in predicting informant reports above and beyond global self-reports. In two samples, we find that average state self-reports tend to correlate with informant reports, although this relationship is weaker than the relationship between global self-reports and informant reports. Further, using structural equation modeling, we find that average state self-reports do not significantly predict informant reports independently of global self-reports. Our results suggest that average state self-reports may not contain information about between-person differences in personality traits beyond what is captured by global self-reports, and that average state self-reports may contain more self-bias than is commonly believed. We discuss the implications of these findings for research on daily manifestations of personality and the accuracy of self-reports.

Childhood Intelligence Predicts Adult Trait Openness

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Furnham ◽  
Helen Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
National Child Development Study ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk

Abstract. This study used a longitudinal data set of 5,672 adults followed for 50 years to determine the factors that influence adult trait Openness-to-Experience. In a large, nationally representative sample in the UK (the National Child Development Study), data were collected at birth, in childhood (age 11), adolescence (age 16), and adulthood (ages 33, 42, and 50) to examine the effects of family social background, childhood intelligence, school motivation during adolescence, education, and occupation on the personality trait Openness assessed at age 50 years. Structural equation modeling showed that parental social status, childhood intelligence, school motivation, education, and occupation all had modest, but direct, effects on trait Openness, among which childhood intelligence was the strongest predictor. Gender was not significantly associated with trait Openness. Limitations and implications of the study are discussed.

Gender and Organizational Conflict Management: The Mediating Role of Personality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Kościelniak ◽  
Jarosław Piotrowski ◽  
Magdalena Żemojtel-Piotrowska
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Management ◽  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Conflict Behavior ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Conflict Management Styles ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Big Five Model

Many authors examined the interplay between gender and conflict management preferences, but those findings were often mixed and inconsistent. In the current paper we tried to explain those inconsistencies by investigating the mediating role of personality for the relationship of gender and conflict management. Rahim's inventory was used for identifying five conflict management styles, and Big Five Model theory was a base for assessing participants' personality traits. Data were collected from a sample of 1,055 working Poles (52.7% women), in an online survey. Based on the structural equation modeling we detected multiple indirect mediating paths of gender on conflict management via personality traits, while no direct effect of gender was observed. Despite some limitations, the study sheds light on the actual role of gender in conflict behavior and the importance of personality traits in the conflict management, both from a theoretical and practical perspective.

scholarly journals Personality and Behavioral Predictors of Cyclist Involvement in Crash-Related Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubing Zheng ◽  
Yang Ma ◽  
Nan Li ◽  
Jianchuan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Sensation Seeking ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Road Crashes ◽  
Crash Rates ◽  
Model Combining

In recent years, the increasing rate of road crashes involving cyclists with a disproportionate overrepresentation in injury statistics has become a major concern in road safety and public health. However, much remains unknown about factors contributing to cyclists’ high crash rates, especially those related to personal characteristics. This study aims to explore the influence of cyclist personality traits and cycling behaviors on their road safety outcomes using a mediated model combining these constructs. A total of 628 cyclists completed an online questionnaire consisting of questions related to cycling anger, impulsiveness, normlessness, sensation seeking, risky cycling behaviors, and involvement in crash-related conditions in the past year. After the psychometric properties of the employed scales were examined, the relationships among the tested constructs were investigated using structural equation modeling. The results showed that cyclists’ crash risks were directly predicted by risky cycling behaviors and cycling anger, and the effects of cycling anger, impulsiveness, as well as normlessness on crash risks, were mediated by cycling behaviors. The current findings provide insight into the importance of personality traits in impacting cycling safety and could facilitate the development of evidence-based prevention and promotion strategies targeting cyclists in China.

Age and gender differences in socially aversive (“dark”) personality traits

2021 ◽  
pp. 089020702098843
Author(s):  
Johanna Hartung ◽  
Martina Bader ◽  
Morten Moshagen ◽  
Oliver Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Measurement Models ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Latent Means

The strong overlap of personality traits discussed under the label of “dark personality” (e.g., psychopathy, spitefulness, moral disengagement) endorses a common framework for socially aversive traits over and beyond the dark triad. Despite the rapidly growing research on socially aversive traits, there is a lack of studies addressing age-associated differences in these traits. In the present study ( N = 12,501), we investigated the structure of the D Factor of Personality across age and gender using local structural equation modeling, thereby expressing the model parameters as a quasi-continuous, nonparametric function of age. Specifically, we evaluated loadings, reliabilities, factor (co-)variances, and means across 35 locally weighted age groups (from 20 to 54 years), separately for females and males. Results indicated that measurement models were highly stable, thereby supporting the conceptualization of the D factor independent of age and gender. Men exhibited uniformly higher latent means than females and all latent means decreased with increasing age. Overall, D and its themes were invariant across age and gender. Therefore, future studies can meaningfully pursue causes of mean differences across age and between genders.

The Role of Financial Behavior in Mediating the Influence of Socioeconomic Characteristic and Neuroticism Personality Traits on Financial Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-44
Author(s):  
Khaira Amalia Fachrudin
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Financial Behavior ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Financial Satisfaction ◽  
Investment Behavior ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristic ◽  
Spending Behavior ◽  
Debt Behavior

The inherent socioeconomic characteristics and personality traits of individuals can have direct effects on their financial satisfaction. There has been no research that examines the effects of these two factors on financial satisfaction with financial behavior acting as the mediating variable even though it is very important to know whether individuals with certain characteristics and personality traits are able to increase their financial satisfaction by improving their financial behavior. 2. Methods This research involved 600 respondents in Medan, Indonesia. The primary data were obtained from the questionnaire. Data analyses were performed by using the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) method. 3. Results and findings The test results show that at 5% of alpha, the financial behavior, which consists of investment behavior, debt behavior, and spending behavior, is able to mediate the effects of gender, age, level of education, income, and neuroticism traits on financial satisfaction. In addition, it is also found that the higher the individuals' scores on neuroticism are, the worse their investment, debt, and spending behaviors will be; however, their herding behavior and financial dissatisfaction increase. Moreover, these people are also not financially well-off. Keywords: Debt behavior, financial satisfaction, investment behavior, neuroticism personality traits, spending behavior.

Does employee willingness to take risks affect customer loyalty? A moderated mediation examination of innovative behaviors and decentralization

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Ahmad Al-Hawari ◽  
Shaker Bani-Melhem ◽  
Faridahwati Mohd. Shamsudin
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Customer Loyalty ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Hotel Managers ◽  
Innovative Behaviors

Purpose This study aims to build on the trait activation and interactionist perspective theories to investigate the effect of frontline employees’ (FLEs) willingness to take risks on hotel guest loyalty by assessing the mediating role of their innovative behaviors. It also examines whether decentralization strengthens the positive impact of willingness to take risks on innovative behavior and, subsequently, customer loyalty. Design/methodology/approach The authors collected multilevel data from various sources – hotel FLEs (n = 183), hotel operation managers (n = 46) and hotel guests/customers (n = 266) – from five-star hotels operating in Dubai. Structural equation modeling and PROCESS macro (version 3.5) were used to analyze the data. Findings The findings showed that willingness to take risks indirectly (via innovative behaviors) affects guest/customer loyalty positively. This effect is strengthened when the hotel is decentralized. Practical implications This study provides insight into how hotel managers can foster customer loyalty. More specifically, they can do so by establishing employees’ innovative behaviors triggered by employees’ positive personality traits and by giving employees more autonomy. Originality/value The present study addresses recent calls to investigate the positive impact of FLEs’ personality traits, attitudes and behaviors on customer loyalty.

scholarly journals Conflict Management Model of Organization from Molucca’s Cultural Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertus Fenanlampir
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Purchase Intention ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cultural Perspective ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Foreign Products ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Using Data

The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of consumer sentiments on purchase intention toward foreign products and to determine which personality traits are responsible for the formation of consumer sentiments. In this study, we employed Structural Equation Modeling to test the research model using data collected from a survey of 400 young Vietnamese consumers in Ho Chi Minh City. The results provide empirical evidence of the positive impact of consumer cosmopolitanism and xenocentrism on consumers’ purchase intention toward foreign products. Furthermore, through this study, we indicated that certain personality traits shape consumer sentiments. Generally speaking, in the context of foreign consumption, there is an enhanced link between personality traits and purchase intention via the mediating role of consumer sentiments. Theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.

scholarly journals The Influence of Impulsive Personality Traits and Store Environment on Impulse Buying of Consumer in Karachi

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sana Hussain ◽  
Danish Ahmed Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Impulse Buying ◽  
Insignificant Effect ◽  
Impulsive Buying ◽  
Impulse Purchase ◽  
Store Environment ◽  
Impulse Buying Tendency

This study was aimed to understand and assess the role of store environment, impulsive buying personality traits, impulsive buying tendency, and urge to buy on impulsive buying. Data was collected from 250 respondents and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling technique, findings suggested that impulse buying was positively associated with impulse buying tendency, impulsively personality trait and urge to buy. The most important finding of the study is the insignificant effect of store environment on consumers that are instinctive buyers. The study also suggests that impulsive traits of the consumer directly lead to impulse buying. It actually don’t need some drive such as store environment that would stimulate their impulse buying tendency. However, this study didn’t find any effect of demographic variables (gender and income) on impulse buying tendency. The overall store environment has insignificant effect on consumer impulse purchase but different attributes such as cleanliness and arrangement of product has relative impact on impulse buying that’s why the retailers should focus on store environment elements such as crowd, sales employee, entertainment, lighting, aroma and display etc. to stimulate impulse buying. This study confirmed the role of personality in encouraging impulse buying at retail outlets. Marketers should identify ways to reach out open ended and extrovert people to target their promotional offers.

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