Scale-Up Marketing and Export of MSME Products Based on Digital Business at MEK-PDM Gresik

The low quality of Human Resources which ultimately leads to the ineffectiveness of management, organization and technology has made the development of MSMEs in Indonesia unable to touch rapidly. Plus the large transaction costs from the impact of an unfavorable business climate are also a problem for the case of MSMEs fostered by MEK-PDM Gresik, making it difficult to compete in the international market. In fact, the products produced by MSMEs are no less competitive with those produced by foreign products. In fact, to be able to penetrate the global market, MSMEs must at least be able to adapt to the concept of global marketing which is not yet owned by MSME stakeholders. Therefore, in this service, MSME actors will be taught how to market their products globally. Fronted by Dr. Indro Kirono as a performer who previously had a long history in the export world, the service event went more than imagined. Many MSME products were independently assisted by the presenters to be introduced a little in the global market. Gresik UMKM products will also be assisted by the introduction of Gresik Muhammadiyah University. So that Muhammadiyah University of Gresik can become a place for Gresik SMEs to be fostered.

The necessity for Zambia's vitamin A sugar fortification requirement

Zambia faces a serious vitamin A deficiency (VAD) that affects most infants and expectant mothers, leading to night blindness, maternal deaths, and more. One of the efforts to address this is by permitting only the manufacture, sale, or import of household consumption sugar which is fortified with vitamin A - which is seen as a disguised restriction on international trade. Through a desk-top research study, the article examines the question, as to what extent Zambia's fortification requirement complies with the necessity principle in the Technical Barrier to Trade Annex to the Southern African Development Community Protocol on Trade (TBT Annex) and Article 2(2) of the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement). The research finds that the measure is a technical regulation with a legitimate objective to protect the health and lives of a target VAD Zambian population. Further, it is applied to both domestic and like foreign products; therefore, it is neither discriminatory nor directly linked to the lack of competitive opportunities for like foreign products. Even if fortified maize meal could be opted for instead of sugar, it cannot achieve the equivalent contribution in dealing with the VAD problem because of challenges, such as, the uncertainty in regulatory regime, and its irregular consumption pattern. Consequently, the sugar fortification requirement is not more trade restrictive than necessary under the TBT Annex and Article 2(2) of the TBT Agreement.

Overview of the Russian market of herbal products

Introduction. In the Russian pharmaceutical market, there is the following situation: herbal medicinal products (HMP) and dietary supplements based on plant raw materials (DS) have similar compositions, dosage forms and scope of application. They’re often considered analogues by consumers and specialists, which indicates the existence of common market for these products.Research aim is to investigate the state and development trends of the Russian HMP and DS market, assessing positions of foreign and domestic companies and general prospects for this market as well.Methodology. The study was conducted using IQVIA retail audit database, official sources of information on HMP and DS registration. In the market analysis the products were classified depending on the scope of application, composition and preparation methods, and dosage forms as well.Results. In 2020 pharmacy of HMP and DS sales amounted to 435.4 million units valued at 51.3 billion rubles in wholesale prices. Beginning with 2016, the average annual growth rate corresponded to 4.2%, in value terms. However, in volume terms, the sales were reduced in the average by 3.4% per year (due to cheap domestic medicines). The main part of the entire market comprises HMP (80% in units and 74% in value terms in 2020). The products, affecting respiratory system, genitourinary sphere, and digestion, provide more than three-quarters of all sales in value terms. More than half of the market is occupied by total extractive drugs. Solid dosage forms (tablets and capsules) account for half of the sales, plant raw materials and fees constitute more than one third. In 2020, Russian companies provided 28% of the sales of HMP and 67% of DS in value terms. In the context of the main segments, the market structure in 2016-2020 remained fairly stable.Conclusion. In the future, the market dynamics in value terms will be determined considering by household income and the epidemiological situation. In units, HMP sales will continue to decline through the unprofitable positions of the traditional domestic drug assortment. The increasing strictness of legislation requirements for the market of dietary supplements may contribute to investment in the development of HMP that are competitive to foreign products in terms of quality and consumer characteristics.

The Origins of Technological Catch-up in China

Chapter 2 examines the growth of technological capabilities in the telecommunications industry in China, with a focus on Huawei and ZTE. These companies grew rapidly by localizing the production of fixed-line telephone switches, which were earlier imported or produced by foreign joint venture (JV) companies. While the market used to be completely dominated by foreign products in the 1980s, four locally owned companies caught up with the foreign companies in market shares and became absolute leaders by the end of the 1990s. The catch-up can be explained by three factors, namely, (1) the famous Chinese strategy of technology transfer called “trading market for technology,” (2) the knowledge diffusion from the first foreign JV, Shanghai Bell, to the local R&D consortium and then to other locally owned companies including Huawei, and (3) the government’s explicit promotion measures.

Fluctuating Value Added Relationship of the Real Sectors to the Consumption Spending Movement: Evidences from Iraq

The subject of added value is of great importance to many economists because of its ability to calculate the output away from falling in the problem of duplication in the calculation of intermediate and semi-manufactured goods. Interest in this topic has increased recently, especially from Iraqi economists, and we seek in this research to A statement of the extent to which the added value was affected by consumer spending, as the research found a fluctuating, reciprocal and continuous relationship between the added value of economic activities and the consumer agreement movement, as well as the austerity policies produced by the Iraqi government after 2014 and many deductions from the salaries of employees and retirees have an impact on the agreement movement of consumers and added value For all sectors, while the research recommended the reconstruction, rehabilitation and operation of factories and companies in the form of a partnership between the state and the private sector, the truth is that the state started to apply the partnership in the industrial and service sector, but it raised its hand from supporting the national product by providing fuel at affordable prices and energy or communications and others in order to reduce costs and enhance Value added. Also, legislation should be in place to protect the product My country is extremely competitive with foreign products. Existing legislations are not sufficient to activate the customs tax on imports of foreign goods and services.

Hanoman Obong sebagai Ide Kreatif Penciptaan Night Light Shadow Box

Puppet is a culture of the Indonesian nation. Puppet stories originally developed during the Javanese Hindu era. Pewayangan has been appointed as a masterpiece of world culture by UNESCO on 7 November 2003 or the Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. One of the familiar characters in puppet stories is Hanoman. However, nowadays people, especially teenagers who call themselves millennials, are less interested in puppet stories. To introduce traditional culture to society and millennial adolescents as the younger generation, breakthroughs or new innovative ways are needed, one of which is media that is popular among young people, namely by making a room decoration lamp called the Night Light Shadow Box. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research methods. The research begins by exploring the Hanoman figure. Furthermore, developing the results of observations that have been made through the product design of the Night Light Shadow Box so as to produce creative products that are in accordance with the interests of the community and millennial youth. The purpose of this research is (1) to create creative products with Hanoman local content vision that can compete with foreign products. (2) can foster understanding and love of the community towards the local culture of the archipelago.

Coxiella burnetii DNA in milk, milk products, and fermented dairy products

Introduction Q fever in dairy cattle has been investigated in Latvia since 2012. In 2015, 10.7% of farms tested positive for the DNA of C. burnetii, its aetiological agent, in bulk tank milk. The presence of C. burnetii DNA and infectious bacteria in dairy products has been assessed in several countries, and because Latvian milk may contain them, parallel assessment in this country is recommended. Accordingly, the present study tested shop and farm retail dairy products from Latvia and included foreign products for comparison. Material and Methods Investigation was carried out of 187 samples of a diverse range of dairy products from 41 Latvian milk producers. Twenty-six comparable samples pooled from Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Lithuania, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain were also included. The all-countries total number of fermented milk products was 160. Special attention was paid to products that could be more attractive to children because of their added chocolate, cacao, berry and fruit content. DNA was extracted and amplification of C. burnetii IS1111 was performed using a commercial PCR kit. Results Overall positivity was 60.56%. Domestic products were positive more often (60.96%) than foreign ones (57.69%). Only 26.67% of unpasteurised Latvian cow’s milk samples were positive whereas 76.47% of pasteurised equivalents and 63.13% of fermented milk products were. Sweetened and fruit-containing samples were 71.43% positive. Conclusion The shedding of C. burnetii via milk should be monitored and only milk from healthy animals allowed for sale for direct human consumption without pasteurisation. Raw milk quality and the effectiveness of industrial heat treatment and pasteurisation methods in Latvia and other countries should be carefully assessed to ensure adequate consumer health protection.

How does salespeople’s personal interaction affect customers’ word-of-mouth in retailing?

Purpose Drawing on the philosophy of retail service quality, this study aims to empirically investigate how salespeople’s personal interaction affects customers’ positive word-of-mouth (WOM) intention through the lens of affective customer experience and consumers’ cross-cultural attitudes toward domestic or foreign products. Design/methodology/approach The hypothesis was tested with a two-step structural equation model using survey data obtained from 529 shopping center customers in China. Findings The positive impact of salespeople’s personal interaction on customers’ positive WOM intention is fully mediated by affective customer experience. In addition, consumer ethnocentrism strengthens the positive impact of salespeople’s personal interaction on affective customer experience, whereas this study fails to find the moderating effect of foreign product affinity. Practical implications To increase customers’ positive WOM intention, store managers need to encourage their frontline sales personnel to personally interact with customers to support customers’ problem-solving. Also, frontline salespeople should pay more attention to consumers’ cross-cultural attitudes such as consumer ethnocentrism when interacting with their customers. Originality/value By linking affective customer experience and consumers’ cross-cultural attitudes of ethnocentrism and affinity toward domestic or foreign products, this study further extends the knowledge of retail service quality on the relationship between salespeople’s personal interaction and customers’ positive WOM intention.

Dynamic analysis of source-based preferences: the case of imported beer in China

PurposeChinese beer consumption has undergone major changes within the last decade. The combination of a growing middle class and greater exposure to foreign products has resulted in a significant increase in beer imports. The authors examined transformations in this market and how beer preferences have changed over time. This study focuses on changes is origin-specific preferences (e.g. German beer and Mexican beer) as reflected by habit formation (i.e. dynamic consumption patterns) and changes in demand sensitivity to expenditure and prices.Design/methodology/approachThe authors estimated Chinese beer demand – differentiated by source – using a generalized dynamic demand model that accounted for habit formation and trends, as well as the immediate and long-run effects of expenditures and prices on demand. The authors employed a rolling regression procedure that allowed for model estimates to vary with time. Preference changes were inferred from the changing demand estimates, with a particular focus on changes in habit formation, expenditure allocating behaviour, and own-price responsiveness.FindingsResults suggest that Chinese beer preferences have changed significantly over the last decade, increasing for Mexican beer, Dutch beer and Belgian beer. German beer once dominated the Chinese market. However, all indicators suggest that German beer preferences are declining.Originality/valueAlthough China is the world's third largest beer importing country behind the United States and France. Few studies have focused on this market. While dynamic analyses of alcoholic beverage demand are not new, this is the first study to examine the dynamics of imported beer preferences in China and implications for exporting countries.