Particular generalisation: the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 in relation to the anti-nuclear movement

Polar Record ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Kendall Moore
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Orientation ◽  
Nuclear Movement ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
Nuclear Tests ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Test Ban ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTThis article presents the US role in the formation of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 in relation to the era's anti-nuclear movement. The purpose is two-fold: to highlight the strategic orientation of US Antarctic policy, suggesting that it was less enlightened than it is frequently portrayed; and to highlight the influence of the anti-nuclear movement upon the treaty's inclusion of a test ban which the United States initially opposed, hoping to reserve the right to conduct nuclear tests. The treaty is depicted as a particular generalisation: one aspect of the cold war that gains significance when scrutinised in relation to another that is much better-known.

Mt. Vinson and the evolution of US policy on Antarctic mountaineering, 1960–1966

Polar Record ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
John Evans ◽  
Philip M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Austral Summer ◽  
Scientific Programme ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
International Geophysical Year ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
International Geophysical ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACTThe full extent of the height and scale of the Sentinel Range, Antarctica, was not known until reconnaissance flights and scientific traverses in the International Geophysical Year (IGY), 1957–1958. These explorations revealed the range to be twenty miles in length, with a large number of high peaks culminating in Mt. Vinson, the highest on the Antarctic continent at nearly 4900 meters. The discoveries captured the interest of the U.S. and world mountaineering communities setting off a competition to achieve the first climb of Vinson. The challenge was tempered only by the range's remoteness from the coast of Antarctica and the formidable logistics of mounting a mountaineering expedition. The US which had the most advanced ski-equipped cargo aircraft, had an established post-IGY policy that prohibited adventure expeditions that could divert logistic resources from the scientific programme. This paper discusses Mt. Vinson competition within the US and international climbing communities, mounting national pressures to achieve the first climb, and a reversal in policy by the US Antarctic Policy Group that resulted in the 1966–1967 American Antarctic Mountaineering Expedition's first ascents of Vinson and five other high peaks. Today, between 100 and 200 persons climb Mt. Vinson each austral summer.

Gametogenesis in the Antarctic plunderfishes Artedidraco lönnbergi and Artedidraco skottsbergi (Pisces: Artedidraconidae) from the Ross Sea

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario La Mesa ◽  
Vincenzo Caputo ◽  
Riccardo Rampa ◽  
Joseph T. Eastman
Keyword(s):  
Ross Sea ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Immature Stage ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Iii ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Spawning Period ◽  
Absolute Fecundity ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Antarctic

The Antarctic plunderfishes Artedidraco lönnbergi and A. skottsbergi are small, bottom dwelling species inhabiting the continental shelf of the High Antarctic Zone. During cruise 97–9 of the US RV Nathaniel Palmer during the summer in the south-western Ross Sea, samples of both species were collected by means of bottom trawling. On the basis of macroscopic and histological analysis, we present the first data on the reproductive characteristics of these two plunderfishes, including gametogenesis, spawning period and absolute fecundity. Histologically, we found immature (stage I and II) and mature (stage V) females in both species, whereas developing females (stage III) were found only in A. skottsbergi. All examined male specimens of A. skottsbergi were in the final stage of spermatogenesis (stage III), whereas male A. lönnbergi were immature (stage I), mature (stage IV) and post-reproductive (stage V) individuals. In both species, spawning takes place in summer during December and January. Absolute fecundity was very low, with less than 100 and 200 oocytes in A. lönnbergi and A. skottsbergi, respectively. These data are compared with those reported in literature for other artedidraconids.

What's wrong with ‘expeditioner’?

Polar Record ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-106
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Leane ◽  
Carolyn Philpott
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
National Programme ◽  
The Us ◽  
Oxford Dictionary ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
International Dictionary ◽  
New Zealanders

Some – particularly Australasian – authors who have published in Polar Record may be familiar with the debate around the acceptability of the word ‘expeditioner’. The term is regularly used by Australians and New Zealanders, in both casual and official contexts. In The Antarctic Dictionary, Bernadette Hince (herself Australian) classifies the word as particularly (although not solely) Australian, notes its regular use by the Australian national programme, which publishes an Expeditioner Handbook, and defines it as ‘A member of an [A]ntarctic expedition, including a government expedition’ (Hince 2000: 118–119). However, ‘expeditioner’ appears in the Oxford English Dictionary only as a rare and obsolete term. The sole example cited in the OED Online is from 1758, in a non-polar context; the definition provided is ‘One engaged in an expedition’. Neither The Australian Oxford Dictionary (2nd edition, 2004) nor The New Zealand Oxford Dictionary (2005) includes ‘expeditioner’, although the term is included in the Australian Macquarie Dictionary (5th edition, 2009) and the US-based Webster's Third New International Dictionary (1993). There is clearly significant national variation in the term's acceptability and its use in an academic publication can draw negative attention (Stone 2003: 172 – not coincidentally, a British review of a book by an Australian author). This note argues that ‘expeditioner’ should not be dismissed as an idiolectic ungrammatical term unsuitable for use in British publications. We make a case for the use of ‘expeditioner’ on three grounds: conceptual appropriateness, precedence and convenience of expression.

Radio echo sounding map of Antarctica, (˜90°E–180°)

Polar Record ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (109) ◽  
pp. 359-374 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Drewry
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Natural Environment Research Council ◽  
The Us ◽  
Radio Echo Sounding ◽  
Polar Research Institute ◽  
Antarctic Research ◽  
Logistic Support ◽  
The Antarctic

In 1967 the Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) undertook the first longrange airborne radio echo soundings of the Antarctic ice sheet. The results of this season were encouraging and led to other programmes being organized in 1969–70, 1971–72, and 1974–75. The initial impetus for this work came from A. P. Crary of the US National Science Foundation (NSF), who suggested that the radio echo equipment that had been developed at SPRI under the direction of S. Evans and G. de Q. Robin, with financial assistance from the Royal Society's Paul Instrument Fund and later from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) should be operated over the Antarctic ice sheet, and he offered the logistic support of the US Antarctic Research Program (USARP). Since those early flights, a productive relationship has been developed between SPRI and that arm of NSF represented by USARP and US Navy Task Force 43 (now 199) and, up to the end of the 1971–72 season, it had resulted in 210000 km of radio echo profiling in the Antarctic. A further 135 000 km was accomplished during the 1974–75 season.

The United States 2002 Unified Command Plan: Antarctica and the areas of responsibility of military commanders

Polar Record ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Dodds ◽  
Alan D. Hemmings
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Search And Rescue ◽  
Military Commanders ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Northern Pacific ◽  
Central Commands ◽  
Unified Command ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTIn October 2002, following the 11 September 2001 attacks on the United States, the Unified Command Plan (UCP), that sets out the geographical responsibilities of combatant commanders, was revised with regard to their areas of responsibility. Accompanying these changes was a map, which detailed the geographical boundaries of the US Northern, Pacific, Southern, European and Central Commands. The map indicated that two of these Commands, Southern and European Command stretched as far south as the Antarctic coastline while a third (Pacific) not only did that but also included the entire Antarctic continent. In 2007, a new Africa Command comprising the southern part of European Command, was instituted and this, too, stretched to the Antarctic coastline. This note briefly considers some of the implications that might follow from these changes to the UCP and highlights logistical patterns, search and rescue matters and the question of the demilitarisation of Antarctica.

Why Antarctica?

1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Burton
Keyword(s):  
South Pole ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Antarctic Plateau ◽  
Near Ir ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Antarctic

AbstractThe dry, cold, tenuous and stable air above the Antarctic Plateau provides superb conditions for the conduct of many classes of astronomical observations. We review in particular the rationale for undertaking near-IR, mm and particle astronomy in Antarctica, disciplines where telescopes are now operating at the US Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station.

scholarly journals Multispectral Digital Image Mapping of Antarctic Ice Features

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 159-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Swithinbank ◽  
Baerbel K. Lucchitta
Keyword(s):  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Ice Streams ◽  
Alpine Glacier ◽  
Surface Features ◽  
Image Mapping ◽  
Glacier System ◽  
Ice Surface ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Antarctic

Landsat multispectral images of the Antarctic ice sheet have been digitally enhanced by the US Geological Survey to show ice surface features not seen in earlier photographic products of the same scenes. Now for the first time it is worthwhile to prepare image maps at scales of up to 1:250 000 of ice sheet areas even where no nunataks are visible. Derivatives of the data can be stretched to bring out glaciologically significant features in smooth areas that traditionally have been described as featureless. Over large tracts of the ice sheet, the direction of ice flow can be revealed as clearly as it is by the medial moraines of an Alpine glacier system. Ice streams, ice divides, ice rises, ice rumples, grounding lines, crevasses, and rifts are seen where none had been identified before. In the same way that Seasat altimetry of the surface of the ocean has much to tell about the bed of the ocean, Landsat has much to tel! about the bed of the ice. Not only major structural features but also many details of the sub-glacial landscape are unmasked by their subtle reflection on the ice sheet surface. Ground control on ice sheets can be obtained by Doppler satellite observations tied to image-identifiable surface features. Because of ice movement, the standard of geodetic control can never approach that of conventional surveys based on rock stations. But the precise standards of conventional surveys are unnecessary for ice sheet maps.

Iceland’s Accession to the Antarctic Treaty

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 262-281
Author(s):  
Sune Tamm ◽  
Julia Jabour ◽  
Rachael Lorna Johnstone
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
Department Of State ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
The Us ◽  
Antarctic Treaty ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Official Declaration ◽  
Antarctic Treaty System

On 13th October 2015, Iceland quietly submitted its instrument of accession to the Antarctic Treaty to the US Department of State (the depositary for the Antarctic Treaty). Iceland’s accession was not accompanied by any official declaration or public discussion in Iceland or elsewhere. This paper investigates some of the factors that are likely to have spurred the decision to join the Antarctic treaty system, examines current Icelandic interests in the Antarctic and proposes constructive policies to enhance Icelandic involvement in Antarctic governance and cooperation following the accession. The authors conclude that logistical operations and adventure tourism involving Icelandic companies in the Antarctic are the most likely triggers for the accession and they propose that Iceland consider ratification of the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol).

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