Studies in Canarium urceus (Linné, 1758) Part 5: a New Species from the Northern Pacific Ocean (Gastropoda: Neostromboidae: Strombidae)

This part of the Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758) revision after Abbott (1960) revision examines the northwest Pacific specimens, which are currently synonymised under Canarium (Canarium) urceus (Linné, 1758). Canarium (Canarium) nipponium n. sp. is known from the Ryukyuan Subprovince, Mariana Islands and Palau. The new species differs from others in lacking the fine sculpture on the early whorls and triangulate from. Given the propensity for species of Strombidae to disperse widely, to show a high degree of variability across their ranges, and to hybridise, it is expected that traits of this new species will be present in populations of neighbouring species, particularly within the Canarium (Canarium) complex.

Probable Causes of Losses of Containers from Container Ships

In May of 2020 a container ship sailing along the eastern coast of Australia encountered a storm and lost a number of containers. The loss of containers was not unusual, about 1400 containers are lost each year on average. What was unusual was the large number of containers on this one ship. Coincidentally, MARIN releasted a report in September 2020 investigating similar losses of large number of containers from container ships going to northern Europe. Then, between October 2020 and February 2021, seven ships on a northern Pacific route from China to the USA loss between 3,000 and 4,000 containers and had a large number of container stacks roll over. This paper is a independent generic assessment of a marine forensic investigation taking a systems engineering approach to look at the broad spectrum of possible causes of container stacks rolling over and lossing containers. The paper discusses weather effects on the stability and motions of the container ships and the securing of the cargo containers. The paper goes into detail about the underlying issue of the container stacks and their heights such that at decreasingly smaller angles of heel or rll, the line of action of the weight of the higher containers passes outside the base of the stack thereby causing a overturning moment on the corners of the containers.

Rare, deep-water and similar: revision of Sibogasyrinx (Conoidea: Cochlespiridae)

The genus Sibogasyrinx has to date included only four species of rare deep-water Conoidea, each known from few specimens. In shell characters it strongly resembles three distantly-related genera, two of which, Comitas and Leucosyrinx, belong to a different family, the Pseudomelatomidae. A molecular phylogenetic analysis of a large amount of material of Conoidea has revealed the existence of much additional undescribed diversity within Sibogasyrinx from the central Indo-Pacific and temperate Northern Pacific. Based on partial sequences of the mitochondrial cox1 gene and morphological characters of 54 specimens, 10 species hypotheses are proposed, of which six are described as new species: S. subula sp. nov., S. lolae sp. nov., S. maximei sp. nov., S. clausura sp. nov., S. pagodiformis sp. nov. and S. elbakyanae Kantor, Puillandre & Bouchet sp. nov. One of the previously described species was absent in our material. Most of the new species are very similar and are compared to Leucosyrinx spp. Species of Sibogasyrinx are unique among Conoidea on account of the high intrageneric variability in radular morphology. Three distinct radula types are found within Sibogasyrinx, two of which are confined to highly supported subclades.

The American Renaissance in the West: Capital, Class and Culture Along the Northern Pacific Railroad

ABSTRACT Wealth from western investments lit up the Gilded Age. East and West, it financed the mansions, balls and philanthropy that were integral to upper-class culture. Historians of capitalism have argued that a national upper class coalesced during the late nineteenth century and that the development of a common culture was essential to its formation. Much of this work has focused on the Northeast. How did this play out in the Trans-Mississippi West? This article explores the roles that architects and the buildings they designed played in the intertwined processes of class formation, capitalist expansion and the advancement of white settler colonialism in the American West. It begins in the early 1880s, when Henry Villard (1835–1900), president of the Northern Pacific Railway, launched an ambitious plan to complete the transcontinental railroad and enlisted the architects McKim, Mead & White and their assistant, Cass Gilbert (1859–1934), to design buildings of all kinds along the line — an unprecedented move for a new western railroad. It then follows Gilbert back to St Paul to examine two major projects, one for local clients and one for Villard’s colleague, the eastern capitalist William Endicott, Jr (1826–1914). As agents for eastern capitalists and their counterparts in the West, the architects and the buildings they designed activated in the West an elite aesthetic and professional culture initially generated in the Northeast. Operating across local, regional and national scales, they contributed to the expansion of capitalist markets, the formation of a national upper class and, more broadly, the processes of settler colonialism in a rapidly changing region.

New Records of Rare Psychrolutid Fishes (Psychrolutidae) in the Sea of Okhotsk

Two rare species of psychrolutid fish (Psychrolutidae) were found in the Sea of Okhotsk. Psychrolutes dolganovi was found at a depth of 142 m near Urup Island (southern Kuril Islands); earlier the species was known only from the holotype collected off the Pacific coast of Iturup Island. This species is recorded in the Sea of Okhotsk for the first time. P. pustulosus was collected at depths of 205–400 m along central part of Kuril Islands and in the northwestern part of the Sea of Okhotsk at depths of 240–294 m. A key to the species of the genus Psychrolutes inhabiting the northern Pacific Ocean is presented.

A seamless ensemble-based reconstruction of surface ocean pCO₂ and air–sea CO₂ fluxes over the global coastal and open oceans

We have estimated the air–sea CO2 fluxes (fgCO2) over the global ocean from the open sea to the continental shelves. Fluxes and associated uncertainty were computed from an ensemble-based reconstruction of CO2 sea surface partial pressure (pCO2) maps trained with observations from the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas v2020 database. The ensemble mean (which is the best estimate provided by the approach) fits independent data well and a broad agreement between the spatial distribution of model-data differences and the ensemble standard deviations (which are our model uncertainty estimate) is seen. The space-time varying uncertainty fields identify oceanic regions where improvements in data reconstruction and extensions of the observational network are needed. Poor reconstructions of pCO2 are primarily found over the coasts and/or in regions with sparse observations, while fgCO2 estimates with largest uncertainty are observed over the open Southern Ocean (44° S southward), the subpolar regions, the Indian gyre, and upwelling systems. Our estimate of the global net sink for the period 1985–2019 is 1.643 ± 0.125 PgC yr−1 including 0.150 ± 0.010 PgC yr−1 for the coastal net sink. Results suggest that the open ocean Subtropical Pacific (between 18° N–49° N) has the strongest CO2 sink (0.485 ± 0.014 PgC yr−1) among the basins of the world, followed by the open ocean sub-basins in the Southern hemisphere. The coastal Subpolar Atlantic (between 49° N–76° N) is the most significant coastal net sink, amounting to one third of the total coastal uptake; the northern Pacific continental shelves (north of 18° N) are the next contributors. The Equatorial Pacific (between 18° S–18° N) is the predominant source emitting 0.523 ± 0.016 PgC yr−1 of CO2 back to the atmosphere. Based on the mean flux density per unit area, the most intense CO2 drawdown is, however, observed over the Arctic (76° N poleward) followed by the Subpolar Atlantic and Subtropical Pacific for both open ocean and coastal sectors. The mean efflux density over the Equatorial Pacific remains the highest, but similar densities can also be found along other strong upwelling systems in the equatorial band.

Leptochiton subrugatus sp. nov. (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) from low boreal waters of northern Pacific

The genus Leptochiton Gray, 1847 is a paraphyletic group of small, pale, and usually deepwater chitons. They lack some of the morphological shell characters that are important in the systematics of Polyplacophora, and species identification within this genus is challenging. One species complex in the North Pacific includes at least 11 species that were historically synonymized or confused with Leptochiton rugatus (Carpenter in Pilsbry, 1892). Scrutiny of ecological and biogeographical patterns has helped to separate species lineages within this clade and support morphological diagnoses. Based on morphological and molecular studies, a new species is described that was previously confused with both Leptochiton assimilis (Thiele, 1909) and Leptochiton rugatus. This new species is widely distributed in the summer-warmed bays of the southern Primorye, Moneron Island, Northern Japan, Kunashir, and the Yellow Sea. This species is at least ~8% different in the COI barcode region from Leptochiton rugatus s.s. Morphological differences between the new species and closely related species are presented.

Cold Wave-Induced Reductions in NDII and ChlRE for North-Western Pacific Mangroves Varies with Latitude and Climate History

Mangrove forests growing at the poleward edges of their geographic distribution are occasionally subject to freezing (<0 °C) and cold wave (>0 °C) events. Cold wave effects on mangrove trees are well documented and adaptation to cold stress has been reported for local mangrove populations in the North Atlantic. However, there is less understanding of effects of cold waves on mangroves in the northern Pacific, especially at the regional scale. Moreover, it is unclear if cold tolerant mangrove species of North Asia display variation in resistance to cold temperatures across their geographic distribution. Using a cold wave event that occurred in January 2021, we evaluated the effects of low temperatures on vegetation index (VI) change (relative to a recent five-year baseline) for mangrove forests dominated by Kandelia obovata (Rhizophoraceae) and Avicennia marina (Acanthaceaee) at the northern edge of their geographical range. We used two VIs derived from Sentinel-2 imagery as indicators for canopy health: the normalized difference infrared index (NDII) and the chlorophyll red-edge index (ChlRE), which reflect forest canopy water content and chlorophyll concentration, respectively. We isolated the cold wave effects on the forest canopy from phenology (i.e., cold wave induced deviation from a five-year baseline) and used multiple linear regression to identify significant climatic predictors for the response of mangrove forest canopy VI change to low temperatures. For areas where the cold wave resulted in temperatures <10 °C, immediate decreases in both VIs were observed, and the VI difference relative to the baseline was generally greater at 30-days after the cold wave than when temperatures initially recovered to baseline values, showing a slight delay in VI response to cold wave-induced canopy damage. Furthermore, the two VIs did not respond consistently suggesting that cold-temperature induced changes in mangrove canopy chlorophyll and water content are affected independently or subject to differing physiological controls. Our results confirm that local baseline (i.e., recent past) climate predicts canopy resistance to cold wave damage across K. obovata stands in the northern Pacific, and in congruence with findings from New World mangroves, they imply geographic variation in mangrove leaf physiological resistance to cold for Northern Pacific mangroves.