Prevention policy and practice in the 1980s.

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1038-1042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward N. Brandt
Keyword(s):  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice

scholarly journals Rethinking Suicide in Rural Australia: A study Protocol for Examining and Applying Knowledge of the Social Determinants to Improve Prevention in Non-Indigenous Populations

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2944
Author(s):  
Scott J. Fitzpatrick ◽  
Bronwyn K. Brew ◽  
Donna M. Y. Read ◽  
Kerry J. Inder ◽  
Alan Hayes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Policy Practice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Significant Public Health ◽  
Public Health Challenge ◽  
Rural Australia

Disproportionate rates of suicide in rural Australia in comparison to metropolitan areas pose a significant public health challenge. The dynamic interrelationship between mental and physical health, social determinants, and suicide in rural Australia is widely acknowledged. Advancement of this knowledge, however, remains hampered by a lack of adequate theory and methods to understand how these factors interact, and the translation of this knowledge into constructive strategies and solutions. This paper presents a protocol for generating a comprehensive dataset of suicide deaths and factors related to suicide in rural Australia, and for building a program of research to improve suicide prevention policy and practice to better address the social determinants of suicide in non-indigenous populations. The two-phased study will use a mixed-methods design informed by intersectionality theory. Phase One will extract, code, and analyse quantitative and qualitative data on suicide in regional and remote Australia from the National Coronial Information System (NCIS). Phase Two will analyse suicide prevention at three interrelated domains: policy, practice, and research, to examine alignment with evidence generated in Phase One. Findings from Phase One and Two will then be integrated to identify key points in suicide prevention policy and practice where action can be initiated.

A criminologically informed examination of looting behaviour during natural disaster incidents

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Gaherity ◽  
Philip Birch
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Natural Disaster ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Community Safety ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine looting behaviour during natural disaster incidents. As a consequence, this study considers looting in the context of two case studies: a Tsunami and a Bushfire. The study offers an exploration into the types of and motivations for looting, as well as reflecting on prevention measures. Design/methodology/approach The methodological approach of a rapid evidence assessment (REA) is used to examine looting behaviour within the context of two natural disaster incidents, drawing on a thematic analysis, as outlined by Braun and Clarke (2006) to support the presentation of findings. Findings The findings of the REA yield three themes. The first theme, Theme 1, focuses on the types of offenders – looters, while Theme 2 focuses on the motivations for offending behaviour – looting. The final theme, Theme 3, presents crime prevention responses: looters and looting. Each theme is further illustrated through a number of sub-themes, and while the two case studies centre on two distinct natural disaster incidents, there are similarities that exist between them offering insights for why looting occurs and consequently how to respond to looting. Research limitations/implications Previous research has recognised how incidents such as bushfires enable and create opportunity for looting behaviour. Yet, arguably, little has been achieved in successfully preventing such behaviour. This study offers evidence for why looting occurs during natural disaster incidents and considers the prevention measures that can lead to a reduction in this offending into the future. The need for more detailed and primary research into looting during natural disaster incidents is a research implication engendered by the current study. Practical implications This study considers crime prevention approaches in the form of situational crime prevention and social development crime prevention that have direct relevance on crime prevention policy and practice. The practical implications are worthy of attention from law enforcement agencies and other first/emergency responders. Social implications This study seeks to offer evidence for policy and practice initiatives that can increase public safety and reduce further threats to community safety during natural disaster incidents. Originality/value After the terrorist attacks of 9/11, a concerted effort for swifter and more effective responses to emergency management incidents has occurred. However, the focus of such responses has typically overlooked looting during natural disaster incidents. This study goes some way in addressing that gap in the literature and connects the current scientific knowledge to prevention strategies, informing future policy and practice responses to addressing looting during such incidents. This study provides a stimuli for further research into looters, looting and natural disaster incidents.

scholarly journals 427. Healthcare Personnel Perceived Benefit of Infection Prevention Strategies during COVID

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S314-S314
Author(s):  
Emily Sickbert-Bennett ◽  
Natalie Schnell ◽  
Shelley Summerlin-Long ◽  
Brooke Brewer ◽  
Lauren DiBiase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Symptom Screening ◽  
Perceived Benefit ◽  
Hospital Policies ◽  
Chi Squared

Abstract Background During the COVID-19 pandemic, many infection prevention policy and practice changes were introduced to mitigate hospital transmission. Although each change had evidence-based infection prevention rationale, healthcare personnel (HCP) may have variable perceptions of their relative values. Methods Between October-December 2020, we conducted a voluntary, anonymous, IRB-approved survey of UNC Medical Center HCP regarding their views on personal protective equipment (PPE) and hospital policies designed to prevent COVID acquisition. The survey collected occupational and primary work location data (COVID unit or not) as well as their views on specific infection prevention practices during COVID. Chi squared tests (two tailed) were used to compare differences in the proportions. Results The overall results are displayed (Figure). Among the 694 HCP who responded to the survey, we found HCP were largely (68%) satisfied that the organization was taking all the necessary measures to protect them from COVID-19. A significantly greater proportion (14% more) of HCP (81.7% compared to 67.6%; 95% CI of difference 9.4-18.5%, P< 0.0001) agreed that all PPE was available to them compared to those who were confident that the organization was taking necessary steps for protection, highlighting that safety is more than simply availability of supplies. More than 90% felt that daily screening of patients/visitors and patient/visitor mask requirements were important for protecting them from acquiring COVID in the workplace and that wearing a mask themselves was a key intervention for protecting others. Fewer HCP (72-80%), although still a majority, perceived that eye protection and daily symptom screening for HCP were beneficial. Symptom screening for patients/visitors was perceived by 19% more HCP (90.9% compared to 72.2%; 95% CI of difference 15-23%) to be beneficial than symptom screening of HCP (P< 0.0001). Figure. HCP Perceived Benefit of Infection Prevention Strategies during COVID Conclusion Although infection prevention strategies were implemented based on evidence and in alignment with CDC recommendations, it is important to acknowledge that the perception and acceptance of these recommendations varied among our HCP. Compliance can only be optimized with key interventions when we seek to understand the perceptions of our staff. Disclosures David J. Weber, MD, MPH, PDI (Consultant)

Multiple Victimisation: Its Extent and Significance

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Similar Pattern ◽  
Prevention Strategy ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Repeat Victimisation ◽  
British Crime Survey ◽  
Crime Types

The extent and significance of multiple and repeat victimisation have gone largely unrecognised. The literature is explored with respect to demonstrating that multiple victimisation is robust across crime types and method of study. Nine different research methods suggest a similar pattern of the distribution of victimisation; a small proportion of the population experience a large proportion of all crime. In the British Crime Survey, 70% of all incidents were reported by the 14% of respondents who are multiple victims (a conservative figure). With respect to significance, victimisation should not be studied without fully accounting for multiple victimisation. Many areas of policy and practice may be affected by a recognition of the importance of multiple victimisation. For crime prevention policy, if repeat or multiple victimisation can be prevented, a large proportion of all crime might be prevented. Crime prevention strategy developed through responses to victimisation should be spatially and temporally focused.

scholarly journals Advancing a Five-Level Typology of Homelessness Prevention

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Suzanne Fitzpatrick ◽  
Peter Mackie ◽  
Jenny Wood
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Key Comparisons ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Practical Action ◽  
Homelessness Prevention

This paper aims to demonstrate the efficacy of a five-level homelessness prevention typology, encompassing universal, targeted, crisis, emergency, and recovery categories. We argue that this typology can be deployed to illuminate key comparisons in homelessness prevention policy and practice between different jurisdictions and over time. Meanwhile, it avoids the confusions and overlaps that occur in extant categorisations. Using the UK jurisdictions as an empirical testbed for this analytical framework, four key lessons emerge which we contend have resonance across much of the global north. First, though there is growing evidence of the importance of both universal prevention measures (particularly the delivery of affordable housing and poverty reduction), and targeted preventative interventions (focused on high risk groups and transitions), practical action on both fronts has been deeply deficient to date. Second, and more encouragingly, there is a nascent shift in homelessness practice from an overwhelming focus on basic, emergency interventions, towards more upstream attempts to avert the kind of crisis situations that can lead to homelessness arising in the first place. Third, and also welcome, is a trend within recovery interventions from treatment-led to more housing-led models, albeit that this shift has been frustratingly slow to materialise in many countries. Fourth, across all of these categories of homelessness prevention, there remain substantial evidence gaps, especially outside of the US.

scholarly journals Testing a Model of How a Sexual Assault Resistance Education Program for Women Reduces Sexual Assaults

2020 ◽  
pp. 036168432096256
Author(s):  
Charlene Y. Senn ◽  
Misha Eliasziw ◽  
Karen L. Hobden ◽  
Paula C. Barata ◽  
H. Lorraine Radtke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
First Year ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Multiple Mediation ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Risk Detection ◽  
Increase Risk

The Enhanced Assess, Acknowledge, Act (EAAA) program has been shown to reduce sexual assaults experienced by university students who identify as women. Prevention researchers emphasize testing theory-based mechanisms once positive outcomes related to effectiveness are established. We assessed the process by which EAAA’s positive outcomes are achieved in a sample of 857 first year university students. EAAA’s goals are to increase risk detection in social interactions, decrease obstacles to risk detection or resistance with known men, and increase women’s use of effective self-defense. We used chained multiple mediator modeling to assess the combined effects of the primary mediators (risk detection, direct resistance, and self-defense self-efficacy) while simultaneously assessing the interrelationships among the secondary mediators (perception of personal risk, belief in the myth of female precipitation, and general rape myth acceptance). The hypothesized multiple mediation model with three primary mediators met the criterion for full mediation of the intervention effects. Together, the mediators accounted for 95% and 76% of the reductions in completed and attempted rape, respectively, demonstrating full mediation. The hypothesized secondary mediators were important in achieving improvements in personal and situational risk detection. The findings strongly support the benefit of cognitive ecological theory and the Assess, Acknowledge, Act conceptualization underlying EAAA. This evidence can be used by administrators and staff responsible for prevention policy and practice on campuses to defend the implementation of theoretically grounded, evidence-based prevention programs.

scholarly journals Psychosocial Adversity in Early Childhood and Language and Literacy Skills in Adolescence: The Role of Speech-Language Pathology in Prevention, Policy, and Practice

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pamela C. Snow
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Life Experience ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Language And Literacy ◽  
Prevention Policy ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
Psychosocial Adversity

Purpose This clinical focus article outlines key forms of childhood maltreatment (various types of abuse and neglect) and their co-occurrence with other developmental risk factors, such as parental poverty, living in crime-prone communities, and disrupted educational experiences, to focus on their implications for language and literacy skills in adolescence. Children exposed to psychosocial adversity early in life experience a range of poor outcomes in adolescence, relative to their typically developing peers, and language and literacy skills are particularly vulnerable skill sets in the face of this adversity. Conclusions The continuum from disrupted schooling to child protection and youth justice involvement is emphasized, and the expanding scope of practice for speech-language pathology at all stages of prevention, assessment, and intervention is outlined. Greater advocacy by speech-language pathologists is needed so that policy makers and practitioners in other service sectors have a better appreciation of the importance of language and literacy skills in early life.

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