scholarly journals Human and Nonhuman Animals: Comparative Psychology—The Venn Diagram of Cognition and BehaviorHuman and Nonhuman Animals: Comparative Psychology—The Venn Diagram of Cognition and Behavior

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6262 (3333) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Anne McBride
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Venn Diagram ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
And Behavior

scholarly journals Consequentialism and Nonhuman Animals

2020 ◽  
pp. 563-591
Author(s):  
Tyler M. John ◽  
Jeff Sebo
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Animal Rights ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Moral Attitudes ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Significant Conflict

Consequentialism is thought to be in significant conflict with animal rights theory because it does not regard activities such as confinement, killing, and exploitation as in principle morally wrong. Proponents of the “Logic of the Larder” argue that consequentialism results in an implausibly pro-exploitation stance, permitting us to eat farmed animals with positive well-being to ensure future such animals exist. Proponents of the “Logic of the Logger” argue that consequentialism results in an implausibly anti-conservationist stance, permitting us to exterminate wild animals with negative well-being to ensure future such animals do not exist. We argue that this conflict is overstated. Once we have properly accounted for indirect effects, such as the role that our policies play in shaping moral attitudes and behavior and the importance of accepting policies that are robust against deviation, we can see that consequentialism may converge with animal rights theory significantly, even if not entirely.

Canine Factors: Bridging the Gap between Human Factors and Comparative Psychology

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (10) ◽  
pp. 876-880 ◽  
Author(s):  
William S. Helton
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Common Interest ◽  
Expertise Development ◽  
Human Culture ◽  
Occupational Roles ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Working Dogs

Working dogs have proven to be highly accurate and flexible extensions of our human senses. These trained dogs are increasingly employed in a multitude of occupational roles. The study of these highly trained working dogs bridges the gap between Human Factors and Comparative Psychology and offers many points of potentially fruitful exchange. The present paper presents two examples of issues where Human Factors and Comparative Psychologists share a common interest: expertise development and sustained attention. Dogs are, perhaps, unique among nonhuman animals in their adaptation to human culture and are amazingly flexible, often serving as human surrogates. Many issues discussed and investigated in the Human Factors literature are also relevant to the study of working canines and the study of working canines may enhance the Human Factors literature.

Animal Learning and Cognition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Beran
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Animal Communication ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Mental Time Travel ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Capacities ◽  
Knowledge States ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

Comparative psychology is the study of behavior and cognition across species. In recent decades, much of this research has focused on cognitive capacities that are well studied in humans. This approach provides comparative perspectives on the evolution of these cognitive capacities. Although in many areas humans shows distinct aspects of various cognitive processes, it is clear that for most major topics in human cognition, important and illustrative data are available from studies with other animals. Moreover, these areas of investigation increasingly show continuities between the behavior of other species and human behavior. Several of these cognitive processes, including concept and category learning, numerical cognition, memory, mental time travel and prospective cognition, metacognition, and language learning, highlight these continuities and demonstrate the richness of mental lives in other animals. Nonhuman animals can discriminate between categories of perceptual and conceptual classes, they can form concepts, and they can use those concepts to guide decision making and choice behavior. Other species can engage in rudimentary numerical cognition, and more importantly share with humans certain core quantitative abilities for the approximate representation of magnitude and number. Nonhuman animals share many phenomena of memory that are well-recognized in humans, and in some cases may even share the capacity to mentally re-experience the past and to anticipate and plan for the future. In some cases, some species may even reflect on their own knowledge states, memory accessibility, and perceptual acuity as they make metacognitive judgments. And, studies of animal communication provided the basis for intensive assessments of language-like behavior in certain species. Taken together, these results argue much more for continuity than discontinuity. This should not be seen as a challenge to the uniqueness of human minds, but rather as a way to better understand how we became the species we are through the process of evolution.

scholarly journals Pattern and Process in Evolution: Unfolding Nature’s Origami

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan M. Daniel
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Behavioral Traits ◽  
Pattern And Process ◽  
Art Form ◽  
And Behavior

Pattern and process are central concepts to understanding the evolution of behavioral traits for comparative psychologists. Origami is an art form which involves application of pattern and process to produce a wide array of objects using paper. Because of origami’s parallels with evolution, both of morphology and behavior, it can serve as a concrete and accessible analogy for students of comparative psychology. Origami’s processes can be reversed by unfolding the paper, thereby revealing patterns common across designs. Likewise, by studying pattern and process in evolution, scientists unfold nature’s origami. Application to comparative psychology and pedagogy are discussed.

Perceptual Invariances in the Comparative Psychology of Music

1992 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart H. Hulse ◽  
Annie H. Takeuchi ◽  
Richard F. Braaten
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Temporal Structure ◽  
Comparative Psychology ◽  
Spectral Structure ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Relative Pitch ◽  
Melody Perception ◽  
Pitch Structure ◽  
Nonhuman Animals ◽  
Perceptual Invariance

If one stimulus pattern is transposed to another, and if the two are recognizably the same, then they are said to be perceptually invariant. Usually, transpositions that lead to perceptual invariance involve changes on a ratio scale between the stimuli comprising the two patterns. In this paper, we survey the literature with a view to the conditions of pitch structure (melody and harmony), spectral structure (timbre), intensity structure (loudness), and temporal structure (rhythm, meter, and tempo) that produce perceptual invariance. The review compares perceptual invariance for human infants, young children, and adults and nonhuman animals. For the most part, perceptual invariance holds at all levels of development and for all species throughout the acoustic dimensions surveyed. However, for melody perception, there is evidence that humans go through a stage in early childhood in which absolute (as distinguished from relative) pitch perception plays a role. Without doubt, absolute pitch is important in perception of serial acoustic (melodic) structures by animals. For both humans and nonhumans, melody perception appears to be governed by a hierarchy of perceptual strategies that includes both absolute and relative pitch. The survey suggests the value of a comparative perspective in understanding the perceptual principles underlying music perception in humans and the principles by which human infants and nonhuman animals process acoustic information.

How Homo economicus lost her mind and how we can revive her

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter DeScioli
Keyword(s):  
Economic Thought ◽  
History Of Economic Thought ◽  
Homo Economicus ◽  
Economic Theories ◽  
Target Article ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mind ◽  
And Behavior

AbstractThe target article by Boyer & Petersen (B&P) contributes a vital message: that people have folk economic theories that shape their thoughts and behavior in the marketplace. This message is all the more important because, in the history of economic thought, Homo economicus was increasingly stripped of mental capacities. Intuitive theories can help restore the mind of Homo economicus.

The parent-offspring microbiome and neurobehavioral development

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey R. Alberts ◽  
Christopher Harshaw ◽  
Gregory E. Demas ◽  
Cara L. Wellman ◽  
Ardythe L. Morrow
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Social Emotional ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Neurobehavioral Development ◽  
Emotional Function ◽  
Neurobehavioral Outcomes ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
And Behavior

Abstract We identify the significance and typical requirements of developmental analyses of the microbiome-gut-brain (MGB) in parents, offspring, and parent-offspring relations, which have particular importance for neurobehavioral outcomes in mammalian species, including humans. We call for a focus on behavioral measures of social-emotional function. Methodological approaches to interpreting relations between the microbiota and behavior are discussed.

Using the research on intergroup conflict in nonhuman animals to help inform patterns of human intergroup conflict

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda R. Ridley ◽  
Melanie O. Mirville
Keyword(s):  
Large Body ◽  
Nonhuman Animal ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Animal Groups ◽  
Interesting Article ◽  
Nonhuman Animals

Abstract There is a large body of research on conflict in nonhuman animal groups that measures the costs and benefits of intergroup conflict, and we suggest that much of this evidence is missing from De Dreu and Gross's interesting article. It is a shame this work has been missed, because it provides evidence for interesting ideas put forward in the article.

TEM evaluation of graded SixGe1-x heterolayers

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 894-895
Author(s):  
N. David Theodore ◽  
Mamoru Tomozane ◽  
Ming Liaw
Keyword(s):  
Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Field Effect Transistors ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Bipolar Transistors ◽  
Structural Quality ◽  
Weak Beam ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
And Behavior

There is extensive interest in SiGe for use in heterojunction bipolar transistors. SiGe/Si superlattices are also of interest because of their potential for use in infrared detectors and field-effect transistors. The processing required for these materials is quite compatible with existing silicon technology. However, before SiGe can be used extensively for devices, there is a need to understand and then control the origin and behavior of defects in the materials. The present study was aimed at investigating the structural quality of, and the behavior of defects in, graded SiGe layers grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD).The structures investigated in this study consisted of Si1-xGex[x=0.16]/Si1-xGex[x= 0.14, 0.13, 0.12, 0.10, 0.09, 0.07, 0.05, 0.04, 0.005, 0]/epi-Si/substrate heterolayers grown by CVD. The Si1-xGex layers were isochronally grown [t = 0.4 minutes per layer], with gas-flow rates being adjusted to control composition. Cross-section TEM specimens were prepared in the 110 geometry. These were then analyzed using two-beam bright-field, dark-field and weak-beam images. A JEOL JEM 200CX transmission electron microscope was used, operating at 200 kV.

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