Alcoholic energy drink use, social risk-taking, and hooking up drunk

The relationship between risk-taking behavior, alcohol consumption and negative alcohol-related consequences is well known. The current analyses were conducted to investigate whether alcohol mixed with energy drink (AMED) is related to risk-taking behavior and if there is a relationship between the amount of energy drink mixed with alcohol consumed, risk-taking behavior and negative alcohol-related consequences. Data from N = 1276 AMED consuming students from the Netherlands, UK and Australia who completed the same survey were evaluated. The analysis revealed that, compared to AMED occasions, on alcohol only (AO) occasions significantly more alcohol was consumed and significantly more negative alcohol-related consequences were reported. On both AO and AMED occasions, there was a strong and positive relationship between amount of alcohol consumed, level of risk-taking behavior and number of reported negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, the level of risk-taking behavior was not clearly related to energy drink consumption. Across risk-taking levels, differences in the amount of energy drink consumed on AMED occasions did not exceed one 250 mL serving of energy drink. When correcting for the amount of alcohol consumed, there were no statistically significant differences in the number of energy drinks consumed on AMED occasions between the risk-taking groups. In conclusion, alcohol consumption is clearly related to risk-taking behavior and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences. In contrast, energy drink intake was not related to level of risk-taking behavior and only weakly related to the number of experienced negative alcohol-related consequences.

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Alcohol mixed energy drink usage and risk-taking among college students in Western New York State

Journal of American College Health ◽

10.1080/07448481.2020.1817036 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Adam M. Graczyk ◽

Lucia A. Leone ◽

Heather Orom ◽

Amanda M. Ziegler ◽

Amanda K. Crandall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

New York ◽

Risk Taking ◽

New York State ◽

Energy Drink ◽

York State

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Amplified Concern for Social Risk in Adolescence: Development and Validation of a New Measure

Brain Sciences ◽

10.3390/brainsci10060397 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 397 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jack L. Andrews ◽

Lucy E. Foulkes ◽

Jessica K. Bone ◽

Sarah-Jayne Blakemore

Keyword(s):

Health Risks ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Rejection Sensitivity ◽

Social Risk ◽

Risk Behaviours ◽

Social Risks ◽

Health Risk Behaviours ◽

Increased Sensitivity ◽

Rate Of Decline ◽

Development And Validation

In adolescence, there is a heightened propensity to take health risks such as smoking, drinking or driving too fast. Another facet of risk taking, social risk, has largely been neglected. A social risk can be defined as any decision or action that could lead to an individual being excluded by their peers, such as appearing different to one’s friends. In the current study, we developed and validated a measure of concern for health and social risk for use in individuals of 11 years and over (N = 1399). Concerns for both health and social risk declined with age, challenging the commonly held stereotype that adolescents are less worried about engaging in risk behaviours, compared with adults. The rate of decline was steeper for social versus health risk behaviours, suggesting that adolescence is a period of heightened concern for social risk. We validated our measure against measures of rejection sensitivity, depression and risk-taking behaviour. Greater concern for social risk was associated with increased sensitivity to rejection and greater depressed mood, and this association was stronger for adolescents compared with adults. We conclude that social risks should be incorporated into future models of risk-taking behaviour, especially when they are pitted against health risks.

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Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) Are More Averse to Social Than Nonsocial Risk

Psychological Science ◽

10.1177/0956797618811877 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 105-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Sarah E. Calcutt ◽

Darby Proctor ◽

Sarah M. Berman ◽

Frans B. M. de Waal

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Pan Troglodytes ◽

Risk Taking ◽

Trust Game ◽

Risk Attitudes ◽

Social Risk ◽

Risky Decision ◽

Emotional Factors ◽

Economic Decision Making ◽

Tit For Tat

Social risk is a domain of risk in which the costs, benefits, and uncertainty of an action depend on the behavior of another individual. Humans overvalue the costs of a socially risky decision when compared with that of purely economic risk. Here, we played a trust game with 8 female captive chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes) to determine whether this bias exists in one of our closest living relatives. A correlation between an individual’s social- and nonsocial-risk attitudes indicated stable individual variation, yet the chimpanzees were more averse to social than nonsocial risk. This indicates differences between social and economic decision making and emotional factors in social risk taking. In another experiment using the same paradigm, subjects played with several partners with whom they had varying relationships. Preexisting relationships did not impact the subjects’ choices. Instead, the apes used a tit-for-tat strategy and were influenced by the outcome of early interactions with a partner.

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