State-Specific Smoking- Attributable Mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost - United States, 2000-2004

2009 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 2921
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Degree Of Association ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios—anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites—in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of 30 December 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, estimated disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

scholarly journals Health benefits of decreases in on-road transportation emissions in the United States from 2008 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2107402118
Author(s):  
Ernani F. Choma ◽  
John S. Evans ◽  
José A. Gómez-Ibáñez ◽  
Qian Di ◽  
Joel D. Schwartz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Emission Reductions ◽  
Air Pollution Regulation

Decades of air pollution regulation have yielded enormous benefits in the United States, but vehicle emissions remain a climate and public health issue. Studies have quantified the vehicle-related fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-attributable mortality but lack the combination of proper counterfactual scenarios, latest epidemiological evidence, and detailed spatial resolution; all needed to assess the benefits of recent emission reductions. We use this combination to assess PM2.5-attributable health benefits and also assess the climate benefits of on-road emission reductions between 2008 and 2017. We estimate total benefits of $270 (190 to 480) billion in 2017. Vehicle-related PM2.5-attributable deaths decreased from 27,700 in 2008 to 19,800 in 2017; however, had per-mile emission factors remained at 2008 levels, 48,200 deaths would have occurred in 2017. The 74% increase from 27,700 to 48,200 PM2.5-attributable deaths with the same emission factors is due to lower baseline PM2.5 concentrations (+26%), more vehicle miles and fleet composition changes (+22%), higher baseline mortality (+13%), and interactions among these (+12%). Climate benefits were small (3 to 19% of the total). The percent reductions in emissions and PM2.5-attributable deaths were similar despite an opportunity to achieve disproportionately large health benefits by reducing high-impact emissions of passenger light-duty vehicles in urban areas. Increasingly large vehicles and an aging population, increasing mortality, suggest large health benefits in urban areas require more stringent policies. Local policies can be effective because high-impact primary PM2.5 and NH3 emissions disperse little outside metropolitan areas. Complementary national-level policies for NOx are merited because of its substantial impacts—with little spatial variability—and dispersion across states and metropolitan areas.

scholarly journals Modeling smoking-attributable mortality among adults with major depression in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 106241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Tam ◽  
Gemma M.J. Taylor ◽  
Kara Zivin ◽  
Kenneth E. Warner ◽  
Rafael Meza
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality

scholarly journals 2197. Ceftriaxone Monotherapy vs. Ceftriaxone Plus Azithromycin for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Hospitalized, Non-ICU Patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S748-S749
Author(s):  
Forrest Murter ◽  
Kristin Dimond ◽  
Christopher Gilstrap ◽  
Riley Grubbs ◽  
Clark Vowell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Primary Endpoint ◽  
Community Acquired Pneumonia ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Hospital Death ◽  
Empiric Treatment

Abstract Background Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading infectious cause of death and severe sepsis in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death overall worldwide. Current United States guidelines for the treatment of CAP recommend empiric antibiotic therapy that covers both standard organisms as well as atypical organisms. Ceftriaxone (CTX) in combination with azithromycin (AZH) is one of the most common regimens used for the treatment of CAP; however, there are studies that show β-lactam monotherapy is as effective as a β-lactam in combination with AZH for the empiric treatment of CAP. The purpose of this study was to compare the rates of treatment failure between CTX monotherapy and CTX in combination with AZH in non-intensive care unit (ICU) inpatients. Methods Non-ICU hospitalized patients ≥ 18 years old admitted to Saint Vincent Healthcare with a primary or secondary ICD-10 code of pneumonia from 2013 to 2018 were included. Patients were excluded if they were pregnant, admitted within 2 weeks of a previous episode of CAP, were admitted to the ICU, had cystic fibrosis, or were given antibiotics with atypical coverage (other than azithromycin) prior to admit or within 24 hours of presentation. The primary outcome was treatment failure defined as a composite of any of the following: (1) attributable mortality, (2) in vitro resistance, and (3) change of antibiotic class. Secondary outcomes included length of stay, antibiotic duration, time to oral antibiotics, and readmission within 30 days. Results There were 84 and 159 patients included in the CTX and CTX+AZH groups, respectively. Baseline demographics between groups are shown in Table 1. The composite primary endpoint occurred in 22 patients (26.2%) in the CTX group and in 48 patients (30.2%) in the CTX + AZH group. After adjusting for gender, race, in hospital death, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, length of therapy, length of stay, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome, CTX monotherapy was no less effective than CTX+AZH (aOR 0.55; 95% CI: 0.27 to 1.1; P = 0.09). The primary endpoint and secondary endpoints are shown in Tables 2 and 3, respectively. Conclusion There was no difference between CTX monotherapy and CTX + AZH for the empiric treatment of CAP. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Smoking-Attributable Mortality by Cause of Death in the United States: An Indirect Approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Lariscy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
First Report ◽  
The U.S

More than 50 years after the U.S. Surgeon General's first report on cigarette smoking and mortality, smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. The first report established a causal association between smoking and lung cancer, and subsequent reports expanded the list of smoking-attributable causes of death to include other cancers, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and respiratory diseases. For a second level of causes of death, the current evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship with smoking. This study draws on 1980–2004 U.S. vital statistics data and applies a cause-specific version of the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth indirect method, which uses the association between lung cancer death rates and death rates for other causes of death to estimate the fraction and number of deaths attributable to smoking overall and by cause. Nearly all of the established and additional causes of death are positively associated with lung cancer mortality, suggesting that the additional causes are in fact attributable to smoking. I find 420,284 annual smoking-attributable deaths at ages 50+ for years 2000–2004, 14% of which are due to the additional causes. Results corroborate recent estimates of cause-specific smoking-attributable mortality using prospective cohort data that directly measure smoking status. The U.S. Surgeon General should reevaluate the evidence for the additional causes and consider reclassifying them as causally attributable to smoking.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: An Analysis of 45 States and the District of Columbia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Estimation Uncertainty ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Racial Ethnic

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic in the United States has disproportionately impacted communities of color across the country. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality, we expand upon a national comparative analysis of years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by race/ethnicity (Bassett et al., 2020), estimating percentages of total YPLL for non-Hispanic Whites, non-Hispanic Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic Asians, and non-Hispanic American Indian or Alaska Natives, contrasting them with their respective percent population shares, as well as age-adjusted YPLL rate ratios – anchoring comparisons to non-Hispanic Whites – in each of 45 states and the District of Columbia using data from the National Center for Health Statistics as of December 30, 2020. Using a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to quantify estimation uncertainty, our results reveal substantial racial/ethnic disparities in COVID-19-attributable YPLL across states, with a prevailing pattern of non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics experiencing disproportionately high and non-Hispanic Whites experiencing disproportionately low COVID-19-attributable YPLL. Furthermore, observed disparities are generally more pronounced when measuring mortality in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting the greater intensity of the disparities at younger ages. We also find substantial state-to-state variability in the magnitudes of the estimated racial/ethnic disparities, suggesting that they are driven in large part by social determinants of health whose degree of association with race/ethnicity varies by state.

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