scholarly journals Smoking-Attributable Mortality by Cause of Death in the United States: An Indirect Approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph T. Lariscy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
First Report ◽  
The U.S

More than 50 years after the U.S. Surgeon General's first report on cigarette smoking and mortality, smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. The first report established a causal association between smoking and lung cancer, and subsequent reports expanded the list of smoking-attributable causes of death to include other cancers, cardiovascular diseases, stroke, and respiratory diseases. For a second level of causes of death, the current evidence is suggestive but not sufficient to infer a causal relationship with smoking. This study draws on 1980–2004 U.S. vital statistics data and applies a cause-specific version of the Preston-Glei-Wilmoth indirect method, which uses the association between lung cancer death rates and death rates for other causes of death to estimate the fraction and number of deaths attributable to smoking overall and by cause. Nearly all of the established and additional causes of death are positively associated with lung cancer mortality, suggesting that the additional causes are in fact attributable to smoking. I find 420,284 annual smoking-attributable deaths at ages 50+ for years 2000–2004, 14% of which are due to the additional causes. Results corroborate recent estimates of cause-specific smoking-attributable mortality using prospective cohort data that directly measure smoking status. The U.S. Surgeon General should reevaluate the evidence for the additional causes and consider reclassifying them as causally attributable to smoking.

scholarly journals Male Mortality Trends in the United States, 1900-2010: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

2019 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-160
Author(s):  
Wanda K. Jones ◽  
Robert A. Hahn ◽  
R. Gibson Parrish ◽  
Steven M. Teutsch ◽  
Man-Huei Chang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recent Analysis ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Female Mortality ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Male Mortality ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
White Males

Objectives: Male mortality fell substantially during the past century, and major causes of death changed. Building on our recent analysis of female mortality trends in the United States, we examined all-cause and cause-specific mortality trends at each decade from 1900 to 2010 among US males. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study of age-adjusted death rates (AADRs) for 11 categories of disease and injury stratified by race (white, nonwhite, and, when available, black), the excess of male mortality over female mortality ([male AADR − female AADR]/female AADR), and potential causes of persistent excess of male mortality. We used national mortality data for each decade. Results: From 1900 to 2010, the all-cause AADR declined 66.4% among white males and 74.5% among nonwhite males. Five major causes of death in 1900 were pneumonia and influenza, heart disease, stroke, tuberculosis, and unintentional nonmotor vehicle injuries; in 2010, infectious conditions were replaced by cancers and chronic lower respiratory diseases. The all-cause excess of male mortality rose from 9.1% in 1900 to 65.5% in 1980 among white males and a peak of 63.7% in 1990 among nonwhite males, subsequently falling among all groups. Conclusion: During the last century, AADRs among males declined more slowly than among females. Although the gap diminished in recent decades, exploration of social and behavioral factors may inform interventions that could further reduce death rates among males.

scholarly journals First Report of Barley virus G in the United States and California

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Christine Erickson ◽  
Bryce Falk
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Viral Genome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Yellow Dwarf ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
First Report ◽  
Query Coverage ◽  
Full Length Sequence ◽  
The U.S

Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is a valuable annual cereal crop grown widely throughout the United States and the world. The majority of barley grown commercially in California and throughout the U.S. is used for livestock feed, with the remainder being used by the malting industry and, to a lesser extent, direct food consumption; it is also often employed as a cover crop (Lazicki et al. 2016). Yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs), in the family Luteoviridae, that infect barley and other cereal crops are common and widely distributed throughout California and the U.S. (Griesbach et al. 1989; Seabloom et al. 2009). In April 2018, five barley samples exhibiting typical symptoms of YDV infection (primarily yellowing of leaf margins and tips) collected from fields in Yolo county planted with cultivar Butta 12 , were tested for viruses. Total RNA was extracted from leaf tissue using Trizol reagent, according to the manufacturer’s protocol. RNA was used as template in a multiplexed RT-PCR assay designed for the generic detection of barley and cereal infecting YDVs, using the protocol established by Malmstrom and Shu (2004). A 372 basepair amplicon indicative of Polerovirus infection was amplified from two of the samples and sequenced (Quintara Biosciences), and the resulting data analyzed via a BLASTn search. No further testing or work was done with the three samples that tested negative. Not unexpectedly, the top result returned for one of the positive samples was Cereal yellow dwarf virus-RPV (CYDV-RPV; 98% identity), a virus common to cereals in California and the U.S.. Unexpectedly, however, the top result returned for the other sample was Barley virus G (BVG), sharing 98.43% identity with the Uiseong BVG isolate (GenBank accession LC259081). To further confirm the presence of BVG in the sample, the full-length viral genome was amplified using two-step RT-PCR with primers targeting the extreme 5’ and 3’ ends of the viral genome, using the PrimeScript RT and PrimeSTAR GXL DNA Polymerase kits (Takara Bio), cloned into the binary vector pJL89 and a BLAST search of the resulting 5621 nucleotide full-length sequence (100% query coverage) once again returned results showing the YDV to be BVG. The full-length sequence was deposited into GenBank (MW853785). Nucleotide sequence comparisons showed that the CA BVG isolate shares 96.62%, 96.57%, and 96.02% identity with the sequences of the BVG-Gimje (KT962089), BVG-Uiseong (LC259081), and BVG-Aus8 (LC500836) isolates, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of barley virus G in California and in the United states. Currently the prevalence, host range and mode and timing of introduction of BVG in California and the U.S. are unknown; its impact on cereal production and yield in any location in which it has been identified thus far is also unknown and may warrant further investigation.

scholarly journals First Report of Nematostoma artemisiae on Artemisia in the United States

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-424
Author(s):  
A. Y. Rossman ◽  
N. J. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Type Specimen ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fruiting Bodies ◽  
First Report ◽  
Leaf Hairs ◽  
Artemisia Ludoviciana ◽  
The U.S

A fungus associated with leaf hairs of Silver King also known as Silver Wormwood (Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. subsp. albula (Wooton) Keck) from Missouri (Crawford County, near Bourbon) was identified as the loculoascomycete Nematostoma artemisiae Syd. and P. Syd. When the fungus is present, the leaf hairs become discolored due to the numerous dark ascocarps and eventually drop off and the living leaves lose their silvery appearance, detracting from the ornamental value of the plants. Undocumented observations suggest that the fungus occurred on this host in Ohio and other states of the Midwest in 1995. N. artemisiae was described from Japan on Artemisia indica Willd. and reported once from China on that host. The type specimen was recently redescribed and illustrated by Sivanesan (1) who provided an account of the genus of which this is the type species. The uniloculate fruiting bodies of N. artemisiae are solitary, superficial to basally immersed, dark brown, globose, 120 to 160 μm in diameter, with four to 10 black setae 125 to 175 (300) μm long extending from the thickened region around the ostiole. The bitunicate, cylindrical, 8-spored asci are 50 to 65 × 7 to 9 μm and contain pale brown, broadly fusiform, smooth ascospores, 14 to 18 × 4.5 to 5.0 μm, three-septate, slightly constricted at each septum. The anamorph pycnidia are similar in appearance to the ascomycete fruiting bodies and contain hyaline, broadly spherical conidia 3 to 5 μm in diameter. The specimen has been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collection (BPI 749199). Reference: (1) A. Sivanesan. Syst. Ascomycetum 6:201, 1987.

The Climate and the Debt

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Mayhew
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Cooperation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Remedial Action ◽  
Climate Control ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The U.S

This chapter examines two major impulses of transnational incidence that have action blotters extending back decades: climate change and long-run deficit. Current evidence shows how it is not clear that peer countries are actually digging their teeth much deeper into climate change than the Americans. In a 2014 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) report, the U.S. ranked fifteenth in climate-control progress. Meanwhile, American remedial action regarding debt/deficit has apparently stood up well as compared to others. As of 2011, the United States ranked thirteenth in public debt as a percentage of GDP in a comparison set of thirty-one peer countries. Given the trends, this American near-averageness does not point to a carefree future.

scholarly journals Male-Female Disparities in Years of Potential Life Lost Attributable to COVID-19 in the United States: A State-by-State Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (16) ◽  
pp. 7403
Author(s):  
Jay J. Xu ◽  
Jarvis T. Chen ◽  
Thomas R. Belin ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
Marc A. Suchard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Attributable Mortality ◽  
Mortality Burden ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Public Health Strategies ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Universal Pattern ◽  
The U.S

Males are at higher risk relative to females of severe outcomes following COVID-19 infection. Focusing on COVID-19-attributable mortality in the United States (U.S.), we quantified and contrasted years of potential life lost (YPLL) attributable to COVID-19 by sex based on data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics as of 31 March 2021, specifically by contrasting male and female percentages of total YPLL with their respective percent population shares and calculating age-adjusted male-to-female YPLL rate ratios, both nationally and for each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Using YPLL before age 75 to anchor comparisons between males and females and a novel Monte Carlo simulation procedure to perform estimation and uncertainty quantification, our results reveal a near-universal pattern across states of higher COVID-19-attributable YPLL among males compared to females. Furthermore, the disproportionately high COVID-19 mortality burden among males is generally more pronounced when measuring mortality burden in terms of YPLL compared to death counts, reflecting dual phenomena of males dying from COVID-19 at higher rates and at systematically younger ages relative to females. The U.S. COVID-19 epidemic also offers lessons underscoring the importance of cultivating a public health environment that recognizes sex-specific needs as well as different patterns in risk factors, health behaviors, and responses to interventions between men and women. Public health strategies incorporating focused efforts to increase COVID-19 vaccinations among men are particularly urged.

An American Language

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosina Lozano
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spanish Language ◽  
Spanish Speakers ◽  
Language Recognition ◽  
Political Language ◽  
Political Issue ◽  
History Of ◽  
The U.S

An American Language is a political history of the Spanish language in the United States. The nation has always been multilingual and the Spanish language in particular has remained as an important political issue into the present. After the U.S.-Mexican War, the Spanish language became a language of politics as Spanish speakers in the U.S. Southwest used it to build territorial and state governments. In the twentieth century, Spanish became a political language where speakers and those opposed to its use clashed over what Spanish's presence in the United States meant. This book recovers this story by using evidence that includes Spanish language newspapers, letters, state and territorial session laws, and federal archives to profile the struggle and resilience of Spanish speakers who advocated for their language rights as U.S. citizens. Comparing Spanish as a language of politics and as a political language across the Southwest and noncontiguous territories provides an opportunity to measure shifts in allegiance to the nation and exposes differing forms of nationalism. Language concessions and continued use of Spanish is a measure of power. Official language recognition by federal or state officials validates Spanish speakers' claims to US citizenship. The long history of policies relating to language in the United States provides a way to measure how U.S. visions of itself have shifted due to continuous migration from Latin America. Spanish-speaking U.S. citizens are crucial arbiters of Spanish language politics and their successes have broader implications on national policy and our understanding of Americans.

Palestine Unbound

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
The Us ◽  
Intention To Move ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
The U.S

This section, updated regularly on the blog Palestine Square, covers popular conversations related to the Palestinians and the Arab-Israeli conflict during the quarter 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018: #JerusalemIstheCapitalofPalestine went viral after U.S. president Donald Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced his intention to move the U.S. embassy there from Tel Aviv. The arrest of Palestinian teenager Ahed Tamimi for slapping an Israeli soldier also prompted a viral campaign under the hashtag #FreeAhed. A smaller campaign protested the exclusion of Palestinian human rights from the agenda of the annual Creating Change conference organized by the US-based National LGBTQ Task Force in Washington. And, UNRWA publicized its emergency funding appeal, following the decision of the United States to slash funding to the organization, with the hashtag #DignityIsPriceless.

The French Way

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard F. Kuisel
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
French Language ◽  
French Cinema ◽  
Free Markets ◽  
Technology Sector ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
Politics And Culture ◽  
The U.S

There are over 1,000 McDonald's on French soil. Two Disney theme parks have opened near Paris in the last two decades. And American-inspired vocabulary such as “le weekend” has been absorbed into the French language. But as former French president Jacques Chirac put it: “The U.S. finds France unbearably pretentious. And we find the U.S. unbearably hegemonic.” Are the French fascinated or threatened by America? They Americanize yet are notorious for expressions of anti-Americanism. From McDonald's and Coca-Cola to free markets and foreign policy, this book looks closely at the conflicts and contradictions of France's relationship to American politics and culture. The book shows how the French have used America as both yardstick and foil to measure their own distinct national identity. France has charted its own path: it has welcomed America's products but rejected American policies; assailed Americ's “jungle capitalism” while liberalizing its own economy; attacked “Reaganomics” while defending French social security; and protected French cinema, television, food, and language even while ingesting American pop culture. The book examines France's role as an independent ally of the United States, but he also considers the country's failures in influencing the Reagan, Bush, and Clinton administrations. Whether investigating France's successful information technology sector or its spurning of American expertise during the AIDS epidemic, the book asks if this insistence on a French way represents a growing distance between Europe and the United States or a reaction to American globalization. Exploring cultural trends, values, public opinion, and political reality, this book delves into the complex relationship between two modern nations.

Latino Catholicism

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Matovina
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
The United States ◽  
Societal Impact ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
The U.S

Most histories of Catholicism in the United States focus on the experience of Euro-American Catholics, whose views on social issues have dominated public debates. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the Latino Catholic experience in America from the sixteenth century to today, and offers the most in-depth examination to date of the important ways the U.S. Catholic Church, its evolving Latino majority, and American culture are mutually transforming one another. This book highlights the vital contributions of Latinos to American religious and social life, demonstrating in particular how their engagement with the U.S. cultural milieu is the most significant factor behind their ecclesial and societal impact.

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