Individual Differences in Dissociative Experiences and Recovered Memory Accuracy

Children bring their own unique abilities, backgrounds, and circumstances into legal settings. Thus, discussions of children’s memory and suggestibility require a nuanced approach to the many factors that can affect their eyewitness reports. The authors contend that children’s memory accuracy and inaccuracy in forensic contexts are affected by individual differences, the nature of the event, and the context in which the memory is elicited. In this chapter, the proposed framework is applied to extant research on children’s memory and suggestibility, focusing on children with histories of maltreatment. In doing so, the chapter considers suggestibility in relation to commission errors and omission errors, the latter concerning suggestibility to say that an event (such as child sexual abuse) did not occur when the crime actually did take place. It concludes that, just as a legal system cannot stand when the innocent are jailed, justice fails when victims feel they cannot come forward.

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Individual Differences in Anxiety Influence Verbal Memory Accuracy and Confidence

Journal of Individual Differences ◽

10.1027/1614-0001/a000158 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 73-79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bethany Delleman ◽

Myra Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Verbal Memory ◽

Differential Effect ◽

Memory Accuracy ◽

Confidence Judgments ◽

Lower Confidence ◽

Poor Predictor ◽

High Anxious ◽

Anxious Group

We examined the influence of encoding duration in high- and low-anxious undergraduates on memory accuracy and confidence. Participants encoded words for 750 or 4,000 ms, and later made recognition and confidence judgments in their memory for targets and lures. The high-anxious had poorer memory accuracy than the low-anxious group, and endorsed lower confidence specifically for correct memory responses. There was no differential effect of encoding time across groups, though longer encoding time benefited both accuracy and confidence. As accuracy increased so did confidence in the low-anxious group, indicating higher resolution and Gamma correlations for meta-memory judgments, though this was not the case for high-anxious individuals. Results indicate that people with high levels of anxiety have unrealistically low confidence in their memories as their confidence was a poor predictor of accuracy and allowing additional encoding time does not alleviate this effect.

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Recollection-Related Increases in Functional Connectivity Predict Individual Differences in Memory Accuracy

Journal of Neuroscience ◽

10.1523/jneurosci.3219-14.2015 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (4) ◽

pp. 1763-1772 ◽

Cited By ~ 84

Author(s):

D. R. King ◽

M. de Chastelaine ◽

R. L. Elward ◽

T. H. Wang ◽

M. D. Rugg

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Functional Connectivity ◽

Memory Accuracy

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The challenge of accounting for individual differences in folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000523 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Benjamin C. Ruisch ◽

Rajen A. Anderson ◽

David A. Pizarro

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Individual Variation ◽

Political Ideologies ◽

Economic Beliefs ◽

Existing Data

AbstractWe argue that existing data on folk-economic beliefs (FEBs) present challenges to Boyer & Petersen's model. Specifically, the widespread individual variation in endorsement of FEBs casts doubt on the claim that humans are evolutionarily predisposed towards particular economic beliefs. Additionally, the authors' model cannot account for the systematic covariance between certain FEBs, such as those observed in distinct political ideologies.

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Individual differences, social attention, and the history of the social motivation hypotheses of autism

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18002509 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Peter C. Mundy

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Early Development ◽

Emotional Development ◽

Social Motivation ◽

Social Attention ◽

Social Emotional Development ◽

Social Emotional ◽

Precise Understanding ◽

The Social ◽

History Of

Abstract The stereotype of people with autism as unresponsive or uninterested in other people was prominent in the 1980s. However, this view of autism has steadily given way to recognition of important individual differences in the social-emotional development of affected people and a more precise understanding of the possible role social motivation has in their early development.

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Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x18000274 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 41 ◽

Author(s):

Kevin Arceneaux

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Cognitive Processes ◽

Evolutionary History ◽

Behavioral Responses ◽

History Of ◽

Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

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Inter-individual variation shapes the human microbiome

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x1800287x ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Emily F. Wissel ◽

Leigh K. Smith

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Individual Variation ◽

Human Microbiome ◽

Individual Variability ◽

Microbiota Composition ◽

Target Article ◽

Microbiome Research

Abstract The target article suggests inter-individual variability is a weakness of microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) research, but we discuss why it is actually a strength. We comment on how accounting for individual differences can help researchers systematically understand the observed variance in microbiota composition, interpret null findings, and potentially improve the efficacy of therapeutic treatments in future clinical microbiome research.

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Why Speech-Language Clinicians Should Be in the Classroom

Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools ◽

10.1044/0161-1461.2204.277 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 277-277 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sharon L. Wadle

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Task Analysis ◽

Regular Classroom ◽

Classroom Setting ◽

Therapy Room

Lack of training is only an excuse for not collaborating outside of the therapy room. With our present training, speech-language clinicians have many skills to share in the regular classroom setting. This training has provided skills in task analysis, a language focus, an appreciation and awareness of individual differences in learning, and motivational techniques.

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Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research ◽

10.1044/2019_jslhr-19-00138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (12) ◽

pp. 4335-4350 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Seth E. Tichenor ◽

J. Scott Yaruss

Keyword(s):

Individual Differences ◽

Support Groups ◽

Support Group ◽

Affective States ◽

Life Outcomes ◽

Self Help ◽

Wide Range ◽

Group Experiences ◽

History Of ◽

Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

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