Individual differences in somatic response patterns.

1950 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 338-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I. Lacey
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Somatic Response

Two meanings of “if”? Individual differences in the interpretation of conditionals

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 790-819 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Oberauer ◽  
Sonja M. Geiger ◽  
Katrin Fischer ◽  
Andrea Weidenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Conditional Probability ◽  
Mental Model ◽  
Truth Table ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Mental Model Theory ◽  
Evaluation Task ◽  
The Given ◽  
Classical Truth ◽  
Rule Out

This work investigates the nature of two distinct response patterns in a probabilistic truth table evaluation task, in which people estimate the probability of a conditional on the basis of frequencies of the truth table cases. The conditional-probability pattern reflects an interpretation of conditionals as expressing a conditional probability. The conjunctive pattern suggests that some people treat conditionals as conjunctions, in line with a prediction of the mental-model theory. Experiments 1 and 2 rule out two alternative explanations of the conjunctive pattern. It does not arise from people believing that at least one case matching the conjunction of antecedent and consequent must exist for a conditional to be true, and it does not arise from people adding the converse to the given conditional. Experiment 3 establishes that people's response patterns in the probabilistic truth table task are very consistent across different conditionals, and that the two response patterns generalize to conditionals with negated antecedents and consequents. Individual differences in rating the probability of a conditional were loosely correlated with corresponding response patterns in a classical truth table evaluation task, but there was little association with people's evaluation of deductive inferences from conditionals as premises. A theoretical framework is proposed that integrates elements from the conditional-probability view with the theory of mental models.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Brain Responses: New Opportunities for Tailoring Health Communication Campaigns

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Huskey ◽  
Benjamin O. Turner ◽  
René Weber
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Message Tailoring ◽  
Brain Responses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

Prevention neuroscience investigates the brain basis of attitude and behavior change. Over the years, an increasingly structurally and functionally resolved “persuasion network” has emerged. However, current studies have only identified a small handful of neural structures that are commonly recruited during persuasive message processing, and the extent to which these (and other) structures are sensitive to numerous individual difference factors remains largely unknown. In this project we apply a multi-dimensional similarity-based individual differences analysis to explore which individual factors—including characteristics of messages and target audiences—drive patterns of brain activity to be more or less similar across individuals encountering the same anti-drug public service announcements (PSAs). We demonstrate that several ensembles of brain regions show response patterns that are driven by a variety of unique factors. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for neural models of persuasion, prevention neuroscience and message tailoring, and methodological implications for future research.

scholarly journals Young children's flexible use of semantic cues to word meanings: converging evidence of individual and age differences

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
GEDEON O. DEÁK ◽  
GAYATHRI NARASIMHAM
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Word Learning ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Semantic Cues ◽  
Perceptual Salience ◽  
Novel Words

ABSTRACTA new test of children's flexible use of semantic cues for word learning extended previous results. In Experiment 1, three- to five-year-olds (N=51) completed two tests of interpreting several novel words for the same stimulus arrays. Within-sentence phrasal cues implied different stimulus referent properties. Children's cue-using flexibility in the new Flexible Induction of Meanings [Words for Animates] test (FIM-An) was strongly correlated with an established test (Flexible Induction of Meanings [Words for Objects]; Deák, 2000). Individual children showed between-test consistency in using cues to flexibly assign words to different referent properties. There were large individual differences, as well as limited age differences, in the distribution of flexible and inflexible response patterns. The comprehensibility of specific cues, and perceptual salience of specific properties, explained much of the variance. Proportions of flexible and inflexible patterns shifted with age. Experiment 2 replicated these results in N=36 three- and four-year-olds, using a modified FIM-An with more distinctive cues.

scholarly journals Reliable individual differences in fine-grained cortical functional architecture

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma Feilong ◽  
Samuel A. Nastase ◽  
J. Swaroop Guntupalli ◽  
James V. Haxby
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Functional Architecture ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Natural Vision ◽  
Functional Indices

AbstractFine-grained functional organization of cortex is not well-conserved across individuals. As a result, individual differences in cortical functional architecture are confounded by topographic idiosyncrasies—i.e., differences in functional-anatomical correspondence. In this study, we used hyperalignment to align information encoded in topographically variable patterns to study individual differences in fine-grained cortical functional architecture in a common representational space. We characterized the structure of individual differences using three common functional indices, and assessed the reliability of this structure across independent samples of data in a natural vision paradigm. Hyperalignment markedly improved the reliability of individual differences across all three indices by resolving topographic idiosyncrasies and accommodating information encoded in spatially fine-grained response patterns. Our results demonstrate that substantial individual differences in cortical functional architecture exist at fine spatial scales, but are inaccessible with anatomical normalization alone.

Are We more Consistent when Talking about Ourselves than when Behaving? Consistency Differences through a Questionnaire and an Objective Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 207-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor J. Rubio ◽  
José Manuel Hernández ◽  
Javier Revuelta ◽  
José Santacreu
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Response Pattern ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Consistent Pattern ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Questionnaire Response ◽  
Consistent Response

The present paper aimed to examine questionnaire response patterns and objective task-based test behavioral patterns in order to analyze the differences people show in consistency. It is hypothesized that people tend to be more consistent when talking about themselves (when describing themselves through verbal statements) that when they solve a task (when behaving). Consistency is computed using the π* statistic (Hernandez, Rubio, Revuelta, & Santacreu, 2006). According to this procedure, consistency is defined as the value and the dimensionality of the latent trait of an individual (θ) remaining invariant through out the test of. Participants who are consistent must show a constant θ and follow a given response pattern during the entire course of the test. A sample of 3,972 participants was used. Results reveal that 68% of participants showed a consistent response pattern when completing the questionnaire. When tackling the task-based test, the percentage was 66%. 45% of individuals showed a consistent pattern in both tests. Implications for personality and individual differences assessment are discussed.

Cardiac and Somatic Response Patterns During a Reaction Time Task in Children and Adults

1976 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 448-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen A. Lawler ◽  
Paul A. Obrist ◽  
James E. Lawler
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Somatic Response

Patterns of individual differences and rational choice

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 674-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vittorio Girotto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Rational Choice ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Deductive Reasoning ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Collective Actions ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
Different Response

I discuss an aspect of individual differences which has not been considered adequately in the target article, despite its potential role in the rationality debate. Besides having different intellectual abilities, different individuals may produce different erroneous responses to the same problem. In deductive reasoning, different response patterns contradict deterministic views of deductive inferences. In decision-making, variations in nonoptimal choice may explain successful collective actions.

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