Physical mapping of three fruit ripening genes: Endopolygalacturonase, ACC oxidase and ACC synthase from apple (Malus x domestica) in an apple rootstock A106 (Malus sieboldii)

We have studied the effects of MCP and low O2, applied singly and in combination, on apple fruit ripening at 1, 7, and 18 °C. The single application of 2 ppm MCP is more effective in delaying the onset of the C2H4 climacteric than is 1% O2. However, the combined application has a much larger effect than the single applications of either MCP or 1% O2. For instance, at 7 °C, the onset of the C2H4 climacteric occurs at 15, 50, and 90–95 days for the controls, 1% O2 and 2 ppm MCP, respectively, whereas the combined application of 2 ppm MCP and 1% O2 suppressed the initiation of the C2H4 climacteric for 200 days, the duration of the experiment. The retardation of the climacteric onset by the treatments is associated with the suppression of ACC-synthase (ACS1) and the putative receptor ERS1. The accumulation of their transcripts is critically dependent on the rate of C2H4 evolution. As expected, the combined application of MCP and 1% O2 completely suppressed the expression of both genes. Yet when the fruits were transferred to 18 °C in air, they ripened normally. A similar pattern of inhibition in response to the above treatments was also observed with a C2H4-dependent MAPK. The expression of ETR1, ETR2 and ACC-oxidase was not affected by the treatments. The nature of this strong effect of the combined application of MCP and low O2 is not clear. It should be pointed out that MCP does not inhibit the induction of hypoxic proteins such as ADH.

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Expression of ACC synthase is enhanced earlier than that of ACC oxidase during fruit ripening of mume (Prunus mume )

Physiologia Plantarum ◽

10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100309.x ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 107 (3) ◽

pp. 319-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Satoru Mita ◽

Chikako Kirita ◽

Masaya Kato ◽

Hiroshi Hyodo

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Prunus Mume

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Cloning and characterisation of ripening-induced ethylene biosynthetic genes from non-climacteric pineapple (Ananas comosus) fruits

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp98013 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 25 (5) ◽

pp. 513 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Christopher Ian Cazzonelli ◽

Antonino Salvatore Cavallaro ◽

José Ramón Botella

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Fruit Ripening ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Southern Analysis ◽

Ananas Comosus ◽

Northern Analysis ◽

Fruit Tissue ◽

Climacteric Fruit

To gain a better understanding of non-climacteric fruit ripening, pineapple was used as a model system to clone and characterise two ripening-inducible cDNAs coding for two enzymes of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase (acacc-1) and 1-aminocyclo-propane- 1-carboxylate oxidase (acaco-1) respectively. Due to the extreme acidity and high polyphenolic content of pineapple fruits, a method was optimised for the extraction of high quality RNA from fruit tissue. acacc-1 is a 1080 bp ACC synthase cDNA fragment encoding 360 amino acids including 10 of the 12 amino acid residues conserved in all aminotransferases. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with previously reported ACC synthases shows between 52 and 67% similarity at the protein level. Southern analysis suggests the presence of only one copy of acacc-1 in the pineapple genome. Although some acacc-1 expression is detected in green fruits, there is a 16-fold increase in the level of acacc-1 in ripe fruit tissue. acaco-1 is a partial length cDNA clone of 611 bp which codes for 203 amino acids representing approximately 66% of the ACC oxidase open reading frame. Southern analysis suggests the presence of one or two copies of the gene in the pineapple genome. Northern analysis shows the expression of acaco-1 to be highly induced in wounded leaf tissue and to a lesser extent in ripening fruit tissue. The accumulation of ACC-synthase and ACC oxidase mRNAs during pineapple fruit ripening raises new questions about the putative role of ethylene during non-climacteric fruit ripening.

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Is Ethylene the Ripening Hormone

Journal of Experimental Agriculture International ◽

10.9734/jeai/2020/v42i530510 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Senewa Bobby Pholoma

Keyword(s):

Fruit Ripening ◽

Wide Spectrum ◽

Cell Metabolism ◽

Economic Value ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

Vital Role ◽

Limiting Factors ◽

Physiological Processes

The fruits constitute a commercially important and nutritionally indispensable food commodity since they play a vital role in human nutrition by supplying the necessary growth factors essential for maintaining normal health. One of the limiting factors that influence their economic value is the relatively short ripening period and reduced post-harvest life. The fruit ripening involves a wide spectrum of coordinated biochemical and physiological processes that eventually leads to development of soft edible fruit with desirable qualities such as carotenoids, anthocyanin, color, sweetness, texture, firmness, flavor and aroma. The ripening is the phase of fruit development just before senescence, therefore the excessive tissues softening due to the high ethylene exposure leads to the spoilage upon the storage. Ethylene, a fruit ripening hormone can trigger many events of cell metabolism including ripening particularly in climacteric fruits even in minute amounts. As fruit mature, the rate of ACC and ethylene biosynthesis increases as well as the enzyme activities for ACC oxidase and ACC synthase enhance. However, the application of ethylene inhibitors such as 1-MCP, AVG and the ethylene remover proved to reduce the ripening where some quality attributes of ripening were reduced due to suppressed expression of the ripening hormone.

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In Silico Study of Ethylene Biosynthesis: Seeking New Effectors of ACC Synthase and ACC Oxidase

Current Bioinformatics ◽

10.2174/1574893611666151228191020 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 346-356

Author(s):

Nada Ayadi ◽

Sarra Aloui ◽

Rabeb Shaiek ◽

Oussama Rokbani ◽

Faten Raboud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Silico ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽

In Silico Study

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Introgression of Sub1 (SUB1) QTL in mega rice cultivars increases ethylene production to the detriment of grain- filling under stagnant flooding

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-019-54908-2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Sandhya Rani Kuanar ◽

Kutubuddin Ali Molla ◽

Krishnendu Chattopadhyay ◽

Ramani Kumar Sarkar ◽

Pravat Kumar Mohapatra

Keyword(s):

Grain Yield ◽

Ethylene Production ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Starch Synthesis ◽

Acc Oxidase ◽

Acc Synthase ◽

Grain Filling ◽

Soluble Carbohydrates ◽

Rice Cultivars ◽

Oxidase Enzyme

AbstractIn the recent time, Submergence1 (Sub1)QTL, responsible for imparting tolerance to flash flooding, has been introduced in many rice cultivars, but resilience of the QTL to stagnant flooding (SF) is not known. The response of Sub1-introgression has been tested on physiology, molecular biology and yield of two popular rice cultivars (Swarna and Savitri) by comparison of the parental and Sub1-introgression lines (SwarnaSub1 and SavitriSub1) under SF. Compared to control condition SF reduced grain yield and tiller number and increased plant height and Sub1- introgression mostly matched these effects. SF increased ethylene production by over-expression of ACC-synthase and ACC-oxidase enzyme genes of panicle before anthesis in the parental lines. Expression of the genes changed with Sub1-introgression, where some enzyme isoform genes over-expressed after anthesis under SF. Activities of endosperm starch synthesizing enzymes SUS and AGPase declined concomitantly with rise ethylene production in the Sub1-introgressed lines resulting in low starch synthesis and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in the developing spikelets. In conclusion, Sub1-introgression into the cultivars increased susceptibility to SF. Subjected to SF, the QTL promoted genesis of ethylene in the panicle at anthesis to the detriment of grain yield, while compromising with morphological features like tiller production and stem elongation.

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