Maternal obesity during pregnancy is negatively associated with maternal and neonatal iron status

Objective Obesity during pregnancy impedes fetal iron endowment. In adults, both iron depletion and hypoxia stimulate erythropoietin (Epo) production, while hepcidin, the primary iron regulator, is inhibited by Epo and stimulated by obesity. To understand this relationship in fetuses, we investigated obesity, inflammation, and fetal iron status on fetal Epo and hepcidin levels. Study Design Epo, hepcidin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and ferritin levels were measured in 201 newborns of 35 to 40 weeks' gestation with historical risk factors for a low fetal iron endowment, including half with maternal obesity. Results Epo was unrelated to fetal size, but Epo was directly related to maternal body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) (p < 0.03) and CRP (p < 0.0005) at delivery. Epo levels were twice as likely to be elevated (≥50 IU/L) while comparing the lowest quartile of ferritin with the upper three quartiles (p < 0.01). Hepcidin was directly related to ferritin (p < 0.001) and indirectly related to maternal BMI (p < 0.015), but BMI became nonsignificant when undergoing multivariate analysis. Hepcidin was unrelated to Epo. Conclusion Although some of the fetal responses involving Epo were similar to adults, we did not find a hepcidin–Epo relationship like that of adults, where fetal liver is the site of both hepcidin and Epo production.

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Cognitive Performance and Iron Status are Negatively Associated with Hookworm Infection in Cambodian Schoolchildren

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.15-0813 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 95 (4) ◽

pp. 856-863 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Khov Kuong ◽

Marlene Perignon ◽

Marion Fiorentino ◽

Nanna Roos ◽

Kurt Burja ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Performance ◽

Iron Status ◽

Hookworm Infection ◽

Negatively Associated

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Maternal Obesity is Negatively Associated with Breastfeeding Success among Hispanic but Not Black Women

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/134.7.1746 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 134 (7) ◽

pp. 1746-1753 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Janet G. Kugyelka ◽

Kathleen M. Rasmussen ◽

Edward A. Frongillo

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Negatively Associated

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Frequency of fetal iron deficiency anemia at the time of birth in obese mothers.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2021.28.07.4316 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (7) ◽

pp. 973-977

Author(s):

Amna Aziz ◽

◽

Hajra Sultana ◽

Saima Qadir ◽

Saima Ashraf ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Umbilical Vein ◽

Iron Status ◽

Transferrin Saturation ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Singleton Pregnancy ◽

Cross Sectional

Objectives: To determine frequency of fetal iron deficiency anemia at the time of birth in obese mothers. Study Design: Cross-sectional Descriptive study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nishtar Hospital Multan. Period: September 2018 to February 2019. Material & Methods: A total of 368 obese pregnant women with singleton pregnancy between 37 -40 weeks of gestation were included in the study after informed consent. Cord blood was collected after delivery via syringe aspiration from the umbilical vein. Fetal Iron status in the form of serum iron, hemoglobin, transferrin saturation was measured with calorimetric endpoint assay. Obesity in pregnancy is defined as BMI equal and more than 30kg/m2. Fetal iron deficiency anemia was defined as fetal hemoglobin less than 14.5g/dl, fetal iron 97.3micro gram/dl and transferrin saturation 39.6% at birth. Results: Among 368 cases, 87.8% of cases were having their BMI 30kg/m2 to 34.9kg/m2. BMI between35kg/m2 to 39.9kg/m2 was noted in 10% of cases and in 2.2% of cases BMI was equal to or more than 40kg/m2. Frequency of neonatal iron deficiency anemia was 22.8%. Conclusion: There is a increase prevalence of obesity in women of childbearing age however maternal obesity has no significant correlation of fetal iron deficiency anemia.

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Serum haptoglobin: a marker of maternal obesity and neonatal iron status

The FASEB Journal ◽

10.1096/fasebj.25.1_supplement.607.11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Chang Cao ◽

Melissa Young ◽

Tera Kent ◽

Elizabeth Cooper ◽

Eva Pressman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Maternal Obesity ◽

Iron Status ◽

Serum Haptoglobin

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Calcium Intake Is Weakly but Consistently Negatively Associated with Iron Status in Girls and Women in Six European Countries

Journal of Nutrition ◽

10.1093/jn/129.5.963 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 129 (5) ◽

pp. 963-968 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

L.P.L. van de Vijver ◽

A.F.M. Kardinaal ◽

J. Charzewska ◽

M. Rotily ◽

P. Charles ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Calcium Intake ◽

Iron Status ◽

European Countries ◽

Negatively Associated

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Neonatal iron status is impaired by maternal obesity and excessive weight gain during pregnancy

Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1038/jp.2014.42 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (7) ◽

pp. 513-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

A K Phillips ◽

S C Roy ◽

R Lundberg ◽

T W Guilbert ◽

A P Auger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Iron Status ◽

Excessive Weight Gain ◽

Excessive Weight ◽

Weight Gain During Pregnancy

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Are Pregnant Women Who Are Living with Overweight or Obesity at Greater Risk of Developing Iron Deficiency/Anaemia?

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051572 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1572

Author(s):

Anna A. Wawer ◽

Nicolette A. Hodyl ◽

Susan Fairweather-Tait ◽

Bernd Froessler

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Iron Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Iron Status ◽

Public Health Issue ◽

Low Grade ◽

Deficiency Anaemia ◽

Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽

Overweight Or Obesity

Low-grade inflammation is often present in people living with obesity. Inflammation can impact iron uptake and metabolism through elevation of hepcidin levels. Obesity is a major public health issue globally, with pregnant women often affected by the condition. Maternal obesity is associated with increased pregnancy risks including iron deficiency (ID) and iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA)—conditions already highly prevalent in pregnant women and their newborns. This comprehensive review assesses whether the inflammatory state induced by obesity could contribute to an increased incidence of ID/IDA in pregnant women and their children. We discuss the challenges in accurate measurement of iron status in the presence of inflammation, and available iron repletion strategies and their effectiveness in pregnant women living with obesity. We suggest that pre-pregnancy obesity and overweight/obese pregnancies carry a greater risk of ID/IDA for the mother during pregnancy and postpartum period, as well as for the baby. We propose iron status and weight gain during pregnancy should be monitored more closely in women who are living with overweight or obesity.

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Human Milk Exosomal MicroRNA: Associations with Maternal Overweight/Obesity and Infant Body Composition at 1 Month of Life

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13041091 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1091

Author(s):

Kruti B. Shah ◽

Steven D. Chernausek ◽

Lori D. Garman ◽

Nathan P. Pezant ◽

Jasmine F. Plows ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Human Milk ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Maternal Obesity ◽

Normal Weight ◽

The Body ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Negatively Associated ◽

Maternal Overweight ◽

The Impact

Among all the body fluids, breast milk is one of the richest sources of microRNAs (miRNAs). MiRNAs packaged within the milk exosomes are bioavailable to breastfeeding infants. The role of miRNAs in determining infant growth and the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on human milk (HM) miRNAs is poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to examine the impact of maternal overweight/obesity on select miRNAs (miR-148a, miR-30b, miR-29a, miR-29b, miR-let-7a and miR-32) involved in adipogenesis and glucose metabolism and to examine the relationship of these miRNAs with measures of infant body composition in the first 6 months of life. Milk samples were collected from a cohort of 60 mothers (30 normal-weight [NW] and 30 overweight [OW]/obese [OB]) at 1-month and a subset of 48 of these at 3 months of lactation. Relative abundance of miRNA was determined using real-time PCR. The associations between the miRNAs of interest and infant weight and body composition at one, three, and six months were examined after adjusting for infant gestational age, birth weight, and sex. The abundance of miR-148a and miR-30b was lower by 30% and 42%, respectively, in the OW/OB group than in the NW group at 1 month. miR-148a was negatively associated with infant weight, fat mass, and fat free mass, while miR-30b was positively associated with infant weight, percent body fat, and fat mass at 1 month. Maternal obesity is negatively associated with the content of select miRNAs in human milk. An association of specific miRNAs with infant body composition was observed during the first month of life, suggesting a potential role in the infant’s adaptation to enteral nutrition.

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