scholarly journals Science in Suzhou: establishment and function of neural circuits

EMBO Reports ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 286-288
Author(s):  
Kristin Scott ◽  
Marc Hammarlund
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Neurons interact with the microbiome: an evolutionary-informed perspective

Neuroforum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Giez ◽  
Alexander Klimovich ◽  
Thomas C. G. Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Strategic Model ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Host Microbe Interactions ◽  
And Function

Abstract Animals have evolved within the framework of microbes and are constantly exposed to diverse microbiota. Microbes colonize most, if not all, animal epithelia and influence the activity of many organs, including the nervous system. Therefore, any consideration on nervous system development and function in the absence of the recognition of microbes will be incomplete. Here, we review the current knowledge on the nervous systems of Hydra and its role in the host–microbiome communication. We show that recent advances in molecular and imaging methods are allowing a comprehensive understanding of the capacity of such a seemingly simple nervous system in the context of the metaorganism. We propose that the development, function and evolution of neural circuits must be considered in the context of host–microbe interactions and present Hydra as a strategic model system with great basic and translational relevance for neuroscience.

scholarly journals Inter-species comparison of the orientation algorithm directing larval chemotaxis in the genus Drosophila

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elie Fink ◽  
Matthieu Louis
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Olfactory Behavior ◽  
Species Comparison ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Peripheral Olfactory System ◽  
And Function

Animals differ in their appearances and behaviors. While many genetic studies have addressed the origins of phenotypic differences between fly species, we are still lacking a quantitative assessment of the variability in the way different fly species behave. We tackled this question in one of the most robust behaviors displayed by Drosophila: chemotaxis. At the larval stage, Drosophila melanogaster navigate odor gradients by combining four sensorimotor routines in a multilayered algorithm: a modulation of the overall locomotor speed and turn rate; a bias in turning during down-gradient motion; a bias in turning toward the gradient; the local curl of trajectories toward the gradient ("weathervaning"). Using high-resolution tracking and behavioral quantification, we characterized the olfactory behavior of eight closely related species of the Drosophila group in response to 19 ecologically-relevant odors. Significant changes are observed in the receptive field of each species, which is consistent with the rapid evolution of the peripheral olfactory system. Our results reveal substantial inter-species variability in the algorithms directing larval chemotaxis. While the basic sensorimotor routines are shared, their parametric arrangements can vary dramatically across species. The present analysis sets the stage for deciphering the evolutionary relationships between the structure and function of neural circuits directing orientation behaviors in Drosophila.

scholarly journals Live-imaging of astrocyte morphogenesis and function in zebrafish neural circuits

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1297-1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiakun Chen ◽  
Kira E. Poskanzer ◽  
Marc R. Freeman ◽  
Kelly R. Monk
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Live Imaging ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Odorant Receptors Signaling Instructs the Development and Plasticity of the Glomerular Map

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Valle-Leija
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Olfactory System ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Odorant Receptors ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Olfactory Information ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

The olfactory system provides a great opportunity to explore the mechanisms that underlie the formation and function of neural circuits because of the simplicity of its structure. Olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) located in the peripheral olfactory epithelium (OE) take part in the initial formation and function of glomeruli in the olfactory bulb (OB) inside the central nervous system. Glomeruli are key in the process of transduction of olfactory information, as they constitute a map in the OB that sorts the different types of odorant inputs. This odorant categorization allows proper olfactory perception, and it is achieved through the anatomical organization and function of the different glomerular circuits. Once formed, glomeruli keep the capacity to undergo diverse plasticity processes, which is unique among the different neural circuits of the central nervous system. In this context, through the expression and function of the odorant receptors (ORs), OSNs perform two of the most important roles in the olfactory system: transducing odorant information to the nervous system and initiating the development of the glomerular map to organize olfactory information. This review addresses essential information that has emerged in recent years about the molecular basis of these processes.

scholarly journals The Many Forms and Functions of Long Term Plasticity at GABAergic Synapses

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Maffei
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Gabaergic Synapses ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Function

On February 12th 1973, Bliss and Lomo submitted their findings on activity-dependent plasticity of glutamatergic synapses. After this groundbreaking discovery, long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) gained center stage in the study of learning, memory, and experience-dependent refinement of neural circuits. While LTP and LTD are extensively studied and their relevance to brain function is widely accepted, new experimental and theoretical work recently demonstrates that brain development and function relies on additional forms of plasticity, some of which occur at nonglutamatergic synapses. The strength of GABAergic synapses is modulated by activity, and new functions for inhibitory synaptic plasticity are emerging. Together with excitatory neurons, inhibitory neurons shape the excitability and dynamic range of neural circuits. Thus, the understanding of inhibitory synaptic plasticity is crucial to fully comprehend the physiology of brain circuits. Here, I will review recent findings about plasticity at GABAergic synapses and discuss how it may contribute to circuit function.

Anatomy, Development, and Function of Sexually Dimorphic Neural Circuits in the Mammalian Brain

2002 ◽  
pp. 137-XXIX ◽  
Author(s):  
Geert J. De Vries ◽  
Richard B. Simerly
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Drosulfakinin signaling in fruitless circuitry antagonizes P1 neurons to regulate sexual arousal in Drosophila

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shunfan Wu ◽  
Chao Guo ◽  
Huan Zhao ◽  
Mengshi Sun ◽  
Jie Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Single Neuron ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Neural Circuit ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Internal States ◽  
And Function ◽  
Key Steps ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Command Center

Abstract Animals perform or terminate particular behaviors by integrating external cues and internal states through neural circuits. Identifying neural substrates and their molecular modulators promoting or inhibiting animal behaviors are key steps to understand how neural circuits control behaviors. Here, we identify the Cholecystokinin-like peptide Drosulfakinin (DSK) that functions at single-neuron resolution to suppress male sexual behavior in Drosophila. We found that Dsk neurons physiologically interact with male-specific P1 neurons, part of a command center for male sexual behaviors, and function oppositely to regulate multiple arousal-related behaviors including sex, sleep and spontaneous walking. We further found that the DSK-2 peptide functions through its receptor CCKLR-17D3 to suppress sexual behaviors in flies. Such a neuropeptide circuit largely overlaps with the fruitless-expressing neural circuit that governs most aspects of male sexual behaviors. Thus DSK/CCKLR signaling in the sex circuitry functions antagonistically with P1 neurons to balance arousal levels and modulate sexual behaviors.

scholarly journals Role of Neurotrophins in the Development and Function of Neural Circuits That Regulate Energy Homeostasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 654-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samira Fargali ◽  
Masato Sadahiro ◽  
Cheng Jiang ◽  
Amy L. Frick ◽  
Tricia Indall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
And Function

scholarly journals Anterograde Trans-Synaptic AAV Strategies for Probing Neural Circuitry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Zingg ◽  
Bo Peng ◽  
Junxiang J. Huang ◽  
Huizhong W. Tao ◽  
Li I. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Inhibitory Neurons ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Adeno Associated Virus ◽  
Spinal Cord Neurons ◽  
Synaptic Specificity ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Gabaergic Synapses ◽  
And Function

SummaryElucidating the organization and function of neural circuits is greatly facilitated by viral tools that spread transsynaptically. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been shown to exhibit anterograde transneuronal spread. However, the synaptic specificity of the spread and its broad application in various neural circuits remain to be explored. Here, using anatomical, functional, and molecular approaches, we provide strong evidence for the specifically preferential spread of AAV1 to post-synaptically connected neurons. Besides glutamatergic synapses made onto excitatory and inhibitory neurons, AAV1 also transsynaptically spreads through GABAergic synapses and effectively tags spinal cord neurons receiving long-distance projections from various brain regions, but exhibits little or no spread through neuromodulatory projections (e.g. serotonergic, cholinergic, and noradrenergic). Combined with newly designed intersectional and sparse labeling strategies, AAV1 can be utilized to categorize neurons according to their input sources, morphological and molecular identities. These properties make AAV a unique anterograde transsynaptic tool for establishing a comprehensive cell-atlas of the brain.

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