scholarly journals The Green Revolution shaped the population structure of the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 492-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Lorenzo Quibod ◽  
Genelou Atieza-Grande ◽  
Eula Gems Oreiro ◽  
Denice Palmos ◽  
Marian Hanna Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Evolutionary Trajectory ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of modern agriculture on the evolutionary trajectory of plant pathogens is a central question for crop sustainability. The Green Revolution replaced traditional rice landraces with high-yielding varieties, creating a uniform selection pressure that allows measuring the effect of such intervention. In this study, we analyzed a unique historical pathogen record to assess the impact of a major resistance gene, Xa4, in the population structure of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) collected in the Philippines in a span of 40 years. After the deployment of Xa4 in the early 1960s, the emergence of virulent pathogen groups was associated with the increasing adoption of rice varieties carrying Xa4, which reached 80% of the total planted area. Whole genomes analysis of a representative sample suggested six major pathogen groups with distinctive signatures of selection in genes related to secretion system, cell-wall degradation, lipopolysaccharide production, and detoxification of host defense components. Association genetics also suggested that each population might evolve different mechanisms to adapt to Xa4. Interestingly, we found evidence of strong selective sweep affecting several populations in the mid-1980s, suggesting a major bottleneck that coincides with the peak of Xa4 deployment in the archipelago. Our study highlights how modern agricultural practices facilitate the adaptation of pathogens to overcome the effects of standard crop improvement efforts.

scholarly journals The impact of the Green Revolution on indigenous crops of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Raeboline Lincy Eliazer Nelson ◽  
Kavitha Ravichandran ◽  
Usha Antony
Keyword(s):  
Green Revolution ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Increase Food Production ◽  
Nutrition Intake ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Yielding Varieties ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Indigenous Crops

Abstract The Green Revolution in India was initiated in the 1960s by introducing high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to increase food production in order to alleviate hunger and poverty. Post-Green Revolution, the production of wheat and rice doubled due to initiatives of the government, but the production of other food crops such as indigenous rice varieties and millets declined. This led to the loss of distinct indigenous crops from cultivation and also caused extinction. This review deals with the impacts the Green Revolution had on the production of indigenous crops, its effects on society, environment, nutrition intake, and per capita availability of foods, and also the methods that can be implemented to revive the indigenous crops back into cultivation and carry the knowledge to the future generation forward.

scholarly journals Describing the population structure of Rhincodon typus occurring in the waters of Oslob– Cebu, Philippines– between March 2012 and June 2013, during the provisioning interaction hours.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Araujo ◽  
Alessandro Ponzo ◽  
Daniel Geary ◽  
Samantha Craven ◽  
Sally J Snow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
First Year ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Systematic Data Collection

Background: Prior to this study, the aggregation of whale sharks in the waters of Oslob had never been described. Provisioning (Orams, 2002) activities started in late 2011, and systematic data collection in March 2012, attracting over 100,000 tourists in the first year, and is currently the most reliable aggregation of R. typus in the Philippines. Methods: Daily in-­‐water photographic identification was used as a non-­‐invasive means to describe the population throughout the study period. A total of 135 sharks were identified, and IDs were independently matched by three researchers to minimize error. Photogrammetry (Rohner, 2011) was adopted to complement population description. Results: Daily sightings ranged from 2 to 23 different animals in the interaction area (mean=11.14). A total of 109 males, 15 females and 11 R. typus of undetermined sex were described. The size was estimated for 73.3% of the population, with an average of 5.36m ±1.3m. Photogrammetry posed a mean of 5.63m ±0.59m on 14 sharks, 6.75% >than researchers’ estimates. Resighting (>1d) was observed in 66.7% of the population. Five individuals were present for >300d (n=443) in the interaction area, with a maximum of 420d. Nine individuals were successfully matched across regional hotspots including Donsol and Southern Leyte. Conclusion: Despite the presence of animals in Oslob year round and the influence of the provisioning, there appears to be a seasonal influx of animals, with a maximum of 46 different animals present in the month of June 2012 and again in May 2013, contrasting with a monthly average of 28.9. It appears these waters are important to the species and it’s paramount to fully investigate the impact of the provisioning on the population of R. typus in the Philippines.

Diversity of ACE1 Genotypes of the Rice Blast Fungus (Magnaporthe oryzae B.C. Couch) in the Philippines

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Liza C. Lopez ◽  
Christian Joseph R. Cumagun ◽  
Didier Tharreau
Keyword(s):  
Rice Blast ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Indica Rice ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Rice Blast Fungus ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Contingency Analysis ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Blast Fungus ◽  
Rainfed Lowland

Knowledge of the avirulence (Avr) genes present in plant pathogens facilitates the identification of the required resistance (R) gene to be incorporated in host plants to overcome pathogen infection. The plus/minus Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay was conducted to determine the presence of the virulent and avirulent ACE1 genotypes of the rice blast fungus in Philippine rice fields. Results indicated that the avirulent genotype Guy11 was present only in 13% of the test isolates, whereas the virulent genotypes, PH14 and CM28, appeared in 83% of the total number of test isolates. With contingency analysis on the type of agroecosystem and presence of ACE1 genotype, it was known that Guy11 is significantly associated with the upland agroecosystem. Whereas, PH14 was present in both the irrigated and rainfed lowland and CM28 was ubiquitously associated with any type of agroecosystems. No significant association, however, was noted between a specific ACE1 genotype and geographic location. The isolates having virulent ACE1 genotype can overcome the resistance Pi33 which is commonly introgressed into popular semi-dwarf indica rice varieties. Keywords - Biodiversity, ACE1 genotypes, rice blast fungus, experimental design, Philippines

Green revolution- and wetland-linked technological change of rice agriculture in Indonesia

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 683-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joko Mariyono
Keyword(s):  
Technological Change ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Rice Agriculture ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Biased Technological Change ◽  
The Impact

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyse aspects of technological change in rice agriculture, related to adoption of the Green Revolution (GR) in Indonesia. Rice production is selected in this study because it plays an important role in the development of Indonesian economy. Particular attention is paid to the use of agrochemicals that has potentials of contaminating the environment. Design/methodology/approach – The paper uses an econometric model to investigate the impact of different technologies and policies related to rice production. Production function technology that enables non-neutrality of input use is the underlying concept of this paper. Types of land and transformation in policies related to rice production were accounted for to determine biased technological change. National-wide data were compiled from the Indonesian Bureau of Statistics. Findings – The results show that rice agriculture underwent technological progress with biased technological change. The technological change was capital- and labour-saving, and agrochemical-augmenting. Production system in wetland led to technological change less capital- and labour-intensive, whilst the GR led to technological change more labour-saving and more agrochemical-augmenting. Research limitations/implications – This study only pays attention to environmentally detrimental inputs as a cause of externalities. This is a not full representation of real environmental consequences. In some studies on environmental degradation associated with intensive agricultural practices, however, there are other factors that can degrade the environment, such as soil erosion and soil compaction resulting from certain agricultural practices, and deforestation resulting from agricultural expansion. These are also important environmental impacts. The author expects that these factors are interesting and challenging subjects to be modelled in future research on sustainability of agricultural productivity growth, both theoretically and empirically. Practical implications – Increase in use of agrochemicals was strongly GR linked. Moving from the GR towards more environmentally friendly policy was a wise step to reach sustainable rice production. After the GR, an act that removed pesticide subsidies and disseminated environmentally friendly technology, called integrated pest management was able to reduce the intensity of agrochemical use in rice agriculture. Further actions to support environmentally friendly policy could be the use of bio-agents such as bio-fertilisers and bio-pesticides. Enhancing farmers’ knowledge on the environmental issues and engaging farmers as a part of agro-ecosystem would synergise the actions. Originality/value – This study uses the concept of biased technological change, estimated econometrically using national-level data. The production function used in this analysis enables non-neutrality of agrochemical use. When the result significantly shows the agrochemical-augmenting technological change, it is a convincing evidence, not just by accident, that the GR really led to environmental problem.

scholarly journals The future of oats in the food and health continuum

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (S2) ◽  
pp. S75-S79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Clemens ◽  
B. Jan-Willem van Klinken
Keyword(s):  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Health Claims ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
The Impact

A large body of clinical evidence suggests that the consumption of 3 g or more per d of β-glucan from oats or barley, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of CHD. The unique chemical and physical properties of oats and physiological responses to oat consumption contribute to their demonstrated health benefits; other health attributes are still under evaluation. Many of these benefits, such as those associated with a reduced risk of CVD, are codified in health claims by several regulatory agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration in the USA and the European Food Safety Authority in Europe. Despite these oat–health relationships, an apparent decline in agricultural production, the presence of an array of plant pathogens, and dynamics of climatic conditions may preclude the availability and subsequent consumption of this commodity worldwide. Therefore, it is incumbent on scientists from multiple disciplines to advance research in a spectrum of arenas, including physico-chemical properties of oats, the impact of oats on an array of non-communicable diseases and human microbiome, agricultural practices and environments, and processing technologies that contribute to global food policies.

Rice Cultures of Bengal

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-101
Author(s):  
Debal Deb
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cultural Significance ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Rice Landraces ◽  
Local Soil ◽  
Food Cultures ◽  
High Yielding Varieties

An estimated 15,000 folk landraces of rice are reported to have been cultivated in undivided Bengal in the 1940s. With the advent of the Green Revolution, a handful of high-yielding varieties (HYVs) replaced, and continue to replace, thousands of traditional farmer varieties (also called “landraces”). In the 1970s, the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute documented a total of 12,479 names, including synonyms. In West Bengal, the recorded number of landraces cultivated before the 1970s is 5,556 (Deb 2005, 2019a). Most of these old landraces of Bengal, from both sides of the international border, are now available in only a few gene banks, no longer cultivated in the region. The loss of the thousands of rice landraces from farm fields entails the erosion of a vast body of folk knowledge pertaining to the distinctive properties of different varieties, derangement of local food cultures, and food insecurity for poor and marginal farmers, who no longer have the stock of landraces fine-tuned to local soil and climatic conditions, nor are able to buy the costly inputs. Just as the traditional rice fabric of the Philippines has disappeared with the extinction of the special rice variety that yielded the fiber, many of the culinary delicacies and the cultural significance of many rituals have vanished with the disappearance of special rice varieties throughout Bengal. Moreover, the loss of traditional knowledge associated with folk rice varieties, together with the abolition of the tradition of seed exchange within communities, has disintegrated the communitarian ethos among Bengali farmers, who are now dependent on external agencies for the supply of seeds, machinery, and knowledge.

scholarly journals Describing the population structure of Rhincodon typus occurring in the waters of Oslob– Cebu, Philippines– between March 2012 and June 2013, during the provisioning interaction hours.

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Araujo ◽  
Alessandro Ponzo ◽  
Daniel Geary ◽  
Samantha Craven ◽  
Sally J Snow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
First Year ◽  
Systematic Data ◽  
Rhincodon Typus ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Monthly Average ◽  
Whale Sharks ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Systematic Data Collection

Background: Prior to this study, the aggregation of whale sharks in the waters of Oslob had never been described. Provisioning (Orams, 2002) activities started in late 2011, and systematic data collection in March 2012, attracting over 100,000 tourists in the first year, and is currently the most reliable aggregation of R. typus in the Philippines. Methods: Daily in-­‐water photographic identification was used as a non-­‐invasive means to describe the population throughout the study period. A total of 135 sharks were identified, and IDs were independently matched by three researchers to minimize error. Photogrammetry (Rohner, 2011) was adopted to complement population description. Results: Daily sightings ranged from 2 to 23 different animals in the interaction area (mean=11.14). A total of 109 males, 15 females and 11 R. typus of undetermined sex were described. The size was estimated for 73.3% of the population, with an average of 5.36m ±1.3m. Photogrammetry posed a mean of 5.63m ±0.59m on 14 sharks, 6.75% >than researchers’ estimates. Resighting (>1d) was observed in 66.7% of the population. Five individuals were present for >300d (n=443) in the interaction area, with a maximum of 420d. Nine individuals were successfully matched across regional hotspots including Donsol and Southern Leyte. Conclusion: Despite the presence of animals in Oslob year round and the influence of the provisioning, there appears to be a seasonal influx of animals, with a maximum of 46 different animals present in the month of June 2012 and again in May 2013, contrasting with a monthly average of 28.9. It appears these waters are important to the species and it’s paramount to fully investigate the impact of the provisioning on the population of R. typus in the Philippines.

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