scholarly journals Emotional adaptation during a crisis: decline in anxiety and depression after the initial weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Shuster ◽  
Madeline O’Brien ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Laura A. Berner ◽  
Ofer Perl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Emotional Adaptation ◽  
Over Time

AbstractCrises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain under-investigated. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using the COVID-19 pandemic as a model crisis. A total of 1512 adults living in the United States enrolled in this online study beginning April 2, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4, 2020). We measured depression and anxiety using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related surveys. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety. We found that depression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time. Being female, younger age, lower-income, and previous psychiatric diagnosis correlated with higher overall levels of anxiety and depression; being married additionally correlated with lower overall levels of depression, but not anxiety. Importantly, worsening of COVID-related economic impact and increase in projected pandemic duration exacerbated both depression and anxiety over time. Finally, increasing levels of informedness correlated with decreasing levels of depression, while increased COVID-19 severity (i.e., 7-day change in cases) and social media use were positively associated with anxiety over time. These findings not only provide evidence for overall emotional adaptation during the initial weeks of the pandemic, but also provide insight into overlapping, yet distinct, factors contributing to depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Emotional Adaptation During A Crisis: Decline in Anxiety and Depression After the Initial Weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Shuster ◽  
Madeline O’Brien ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Matthew Heflin ◽  
Dongil Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
The United States ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Social Media Use ◽  
Online Study ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
Emotional Adaptation

AbstractObjectiveCrises such as the COVID-19 pandemic are known to exacerbate depression and anxiety, though their temporal trajectories remain unclear. The present study aims to investigate fluctuations in depression and anxiety using COVID-19 as a model crisis.Methods1,512 adults living in the U.S. enrolled in this online study on April 2nd, 2020 and were assessed weekly for 10 weeks (until June 4th, 2020; final n=537). Depression and anxiety were measured using the Zung Self-Rating Depression scale and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (state subscale), respectively, along with demographic and COVID-related questions. Mixed-effects linear regression models were used to examine factors contributing to longitudinal changes in depression and anxiety.ResultsDepression and anxiety levels were high in early April, but declined over time (F(9,4824)=17.53, p<.001 and F(9,4824)=23.35, p<.001, respectively). In addition to demographic factors such as sex, age, income, and psychiatric diagnoses, we identified some overlapping and some distinct dynamic factors contributing to changes in depression and anxiety: worsening of weekly individual economic impact of COVID-19 increased both depression and anxiety, while increased seven-day change in COVID-19 cases, social media use, and projected pandemic duration were positively associated with anxiety, but not depression.ConclusionsAlongside evidence for overall emotional adaptation, these findings highlight overlapping (economic), yet distinct (change in COVID-19 cases, social media use, and projected COVID-19 duration) factors contributing to fluctuations in depression and anxiety throughout the first wave of COVID-19. These results provide insight into socioeconomic policies and behavioral changes that can increase emotional adaptation in times of crisis.

scholarly journals Medical Student Wellness in the United States During the COVID-19 Pandemic: a Nationwide Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Nikolis ◽  
Andrea Wakim ◽  
William Adams ◽  
Prempreet Bajaj
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Student Wellness

Abstract Background: As United States (US) medical students suffer higher rates of depression and anxiety than the general population, medical student wellness has been studied in recent years. One definition describes wellness as having eight dimensions: Intellectual, emotional, physical, social, occupational, financial, environmental, and spiritual. As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic poses unique challenges for medical students, we aimed to compare medical student wellness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: An informal survey was created to assess the eight wellness dimensions and distributed via Survey Monkey to US allopathic and osteopathic medical students via email and social media. The survey was administered from March 29, 2020 to June 23, 2020. Univariable and multivariable linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the change in students’ overall wellness using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (least well) to 10 (most well). Generalized estimating equations were used to compare students’ responses to the eight dimensions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.Results: On multivariable analysis, students reported a decline in their overall wellness during COVID-19 (Mdiff = -1.04; p < .001), with Asian respondents reporting almost no change in overall wellness (M = -0.69) compared to White respondents (M = -1.18; p = .049) and Black respondents (M = -1.78; p = .03). Students felt less supported and comfortable with their social (OR = 0.47) and daily (OR = 0.45) environments and expressed decreased satisfaction with their exercise (OR = 0.85), sense of purpose (OR = 0.33), and financial status (OR = 0.75). Students also expressed lower confidence (OR = 0.15) and satisfaction (OR = 0.11) with their medical education and increased anxiety (OR = 3.37) and depression (OR = 2.05).Conclusions: Medical students reported declines in overall wellness and individual wellness dimensions. These findings can be used to implement changes to improve medical student wellness.

Anxiety, Depression, and Music

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hellen Keller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mental Illness ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Psychology Today ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The U.S

According to the Anxiety and Depression Association of America (ADAA), “Anxiety disorders are the most common mental illness in the U.S., affecting 40 million adults in the United States age 18 and older, or 18.1% of the population every year.”Although anxiety and depression are separate conditions, many people who suffer with depression also have anxiety or vice versa. The ADAA states, “Nearly one-half of those diagnosed with depression are also diagnosed with an anxiety disorder.” A Psychology Today article also points out the fact that researchers and doctors have been shifting toward a new conclusion about the disorders, stating, “Depression and anxiety are not two disorders that coexist. They are two faces of one disorder.”

scholarly journals Gender and Time-Related Differences in a Large Cohort of Heavy Smokers Applying for Treatment to a Tobacco Centre in Italy

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-128
Author(s):  
Carlotta Defferrari ◽  
Cristina Barbara ◽  
Matteo Puntoni ◽  
Marilena Petrera ◽  
Stefano Domenicucci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Quit Smoking ◽  
Clinically Depressed ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Over Time

Introduction: Attempts to quit smoking have increased in recent years, but the patterns of variations over time are unknown. We aimed at describing time- and sex-related changes in a population of 2,231 subjects who adhered to a smoking-cessation programme lasting 13 years in Italy.Methods: We measured baseline expired carbon monoxide (expired-CO), Fagerstrom nicotine dependence, Q-MAT test, Zung depression and anxiety scale, Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS).Results: Study population included 1,278 men and 953 women who smoked a median of 25 (interquartile range, IQR: 20–32) and 20 (IQR: 20–30) cigarettes/day, respectively (p < 0.001). The proportion of female smokers increased from 37.5% in 2001–2003 to 46.9% in 2010–2013 (p = 0.003). There was a significant time-related reduction of median daily cigarette consumption, with a more noticeable decrease in men. Median expired-CO (parts per million (ppm)) increased only in women, from 18 (IQR: 14–23) in 2001–03 to 20 (IQR: 14–28) in 2010–13 (p = 0.001), whereas Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence did not vary. Differences in psychological characteristics in the last 3 years showed that women were more clinically depressed than men (16.6% versus 7.6%, p < 0.001).Conclusions: Despite a decrease in the number of daily cigarettes with time, expired-CO tends to increase in women, who are also more clinically depressed and anxious than men. A personalised approach to specific subgroups of smokers, with special emphasis on a psychological support for women, seems appropriate.

scholarly journals Emotional Adaptation During a Crisis: Decline in Anxiety and Depression after the Initial Weeks of COVID-19 in the United States

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Shuster ◽  
Madeline O’Brien ◽  
Yi Luo ◽  
Matthew Heflin ◽  
Dongil Chung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Emotional Adaptation

scholarly journals An Aggravated Trajectory of Depression and Anxiety Co-morbid with Hepatitis C: A Within-groups Study of 61 Australian Outpatients

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J.R. Stewart ◽  
Deborah Turnbull ◽  
Antonina A. Mikocka-Walus ◽  
Hugh Harley ◽  
Jane M. Andrews
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Symptom Scores ◽  
Chronic Hepatitis C Patients ◽  
Larger Sample ◽  
Course Of Depression

Background: This study aimed to explore the course of depression and anxiety in chronic hepatitis C patients.Methods:  Data were combined from two studies: (1) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores in 395 consecutive Australian outpatients from 2006 to 2010 formed the baseline measurement; and (2) Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) scores in a survey of a sub-sample of these patients in 2011 formed the follow-up measurement. After converting DASS to HADS scores, changes in symptom scores and rates of case-ness (≥8), and predictors of follow-up symptoms were assessed.Results:  Follow-up data were available for 61 patients (70.5% male) whose age ranged from 24.5 to 74.6 years (M=45.6). The time to follow-up ranged from 20.7 to 61.9 months (M=43.8). Baseline rates of depression (32.8%) and anxiety (44.3%) increased to 62.3% and 67.2%, respectively. These findings were confirmed, independent of the conversion, by comparing baseline HADS and follow-up DASS scores with British community norms. Baseline anxiety and younger age predicted depression, while baseline anxiety, high school non-completion, and single relationship status predicted anxiety.Conclusion: This study demonstrated a worsening trajectory of depression and anxiety. Further controlled and prospective research in a larger sample is required to confirm these findings.

scholarly journals Symptoms of Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuemeka N Okafor ◽  
Matt Asare ◽  
Karla J Bautista ◽  
Ijeoma Opara
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Targeted Prevention ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Treatment Interventions ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Excellent Health

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in the United States can negatively impact physical and mental health. Participants were asked about psychosocial factors associated with experiencing symptoms of distress via surveys distributed on Social Media . Results showed that younger age, unemployment/losing wages/job, worse perceived general health (compared to excellent health) and recent smoking were consistently associated with increased odds of feelings of depression and anxiety. Further, females (aOR=1.96, 95% CI: 1.24, 3.11) was associated with increased odds of feelings of depression. Findings reinforce a call for widespread, targeted prevention and treatment interventions for particular groups.

Falling Behind and Feeling Bad: Unmet Expectations and Mental Health during the Transition to Adulthood

2021 ◽  
pp. 215686932199189
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Culatta ◽  
Jody Clay-Warner
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Transition To Adulthood ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
The United States ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Original Sample ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Unmet Expectations

How do perceived expectations of what it means to be an adult affect mental health? We draw from life course and social psychological literature to argue that falling behind perceived expectations for reaching markers of adulthood is associated with depression and anxiety. We test predictions with data from an original sample of more than five hundred 18- to 29-year-olds in the United States. Consistent with predictions, we find a positive relationship between falling behind expectations and both anxiety and depression even while controlling for own expectations about the accomplishment of markers of adulthood. In particular, we find that falling behind perceived expectations of peers regarding markers of adulthood is associated with anxiety and that falling behind perceived expectations of parents and society regarding markers of adulthood is associated with depressive symptoms.

scholarly journals Medical student wellness in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis Nikolis ◽  
Andrea Wakim ◽  
William Adams ◽  
Prempreet Bajaj DO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Medical Student ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
The United States ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Linear Mixed Effects ◽  
Student Wellness

Abstract Background As United States (US) medical students suffer higher rates of depression and anxiety than the general population, the wellness of medical students is particularly salient. One definition describes wellness as having eight dimensions: Intellectual, emotional, physical, social, occupational, financial, environmental, and spiritual. As the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic poses unique challenges for medical students, we aimed to compare medical student wellness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An informal survey was created to assess eight wellness dimensions and was distributed via Survey Monkey to US allopathic and osteopathic medical students via email and social media. The survey was administered from March 29, 2020 to June 23, 2020. Univariable and multivariable linear mixed-effects models were used to estimate the change in students’ overall wellness using an 11-point scale ranging from 0 (least well) to 10 (most well). Generalized estimating equations were used to estimate the change in students’ responses to the eight dimensions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results On multivariable analysis, students reported a decline in their overall wellness during COVID-19 (Mdiff = -1.08; p < .001). Asian respondents reported little change in overall wellness (M = -0.65) when compared to White respondents (M = -1.16) and Black respondents (M = -1.57). Students felt less supported and comfortable with their social (OR = 0.47) and daily (OR = 0.45) environments and expressed decreased satisfaction with their exercise (OR = 0.85), sense of purpose (OR = 0.33), and financial status (OR = 0.75). Students also expressed lower confidence (OR = 0.15) and satisfaction (OR = 0.11) with their medical education and increased anxiety (OR = 3.37) and depression (OR = 2.05). Conclusions Medical students reported declines in overall wellness and individual wellness dimensions. These findings can be used to implement changes to improve medical student wellness.

An Analysis of Fraudulent Qui Tam Actions Over Time in the United States

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen A. Fitzner ◽  
Charlie Bennett ◽  
June McKoy ◽  
Cara Tigue
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Over Time
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document