scholarly journals Tumor-derived exosomal miR-3157-3p promotes angiogenesis, vascular permeability and metastasis by targeting TIMP/KLF2 in non-small cell lung cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijian Ma ◽  
Ke Wei ◽  
Fengming Yang ◽  
Zizhang Guo ◽  
Chunfeng Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Vascular Permeability ◽  
Tumor Metastasis ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Niche Formation ◽  
Nsclc Patients

AbstractMetastasis is the main cause of death in patients with advanced lung cancer. The exosomes released by cancer cells create tumor microenvironment, and then accelerate tumor metastasis. Cancer-derived exosomes are considered to be the main driving force for metastasis niche formation at foreign sites, but the mechanism in Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is unclear. In metastatic NSCLC patients, the expression level of miR-3157-3p in circulating exosomes was significantly higher than that of non-metastatic NSCLC patients. Here, we found that miR-3157-3p can be transferred from NSCLC cells to vascular endothelial cells through exosomes. Our work indicates that exosome miR-3157-3p is involved in the formation of pre-metastatic niche formation before tumor metastasis and may be used as a blood-based biomarker for NSCLC metastasis. Exosome miR-3157-3p has regulated the expression of VEGF/MMP2/MMP9 and occludin in endothelial cells by targeting TIMP/KLF2, thereby promoted angiogenesis and increased vascular permeability. In addition, exosome miR-3157-3p promoted the metastasis of NSCLC in vivo.

scholarly journals Efficacy and safety of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors plus nab-paclitaxel for patients with non-small cell lung cancer who have progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 175883592093688
Author(s):  
Fan Zhang ◽  
Di Huang ◽  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Tao Li ◽  
Sujie Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Monotherapy Group ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy ◽  
Paclitaxel Group ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Background: Immunotherapy combined with platinum-based chemotherapy is now the standard first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, limited evidence exists to show the efficacy of immunotherapy plus taxanes for patients who have progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy. Methods: The immunotherapy naïve patients with metastatic NSCLC who received anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy or combined with nab-paclitaxel after prior platinum-based chemotherapy from 2015 to 2018 in PLA General Hospital were identified. The progression-free survival, overall survival (OS), objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR) and safety were assessed. Results: Of 57 patients, 40 were treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy and 17 were treated with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 plus nab-paclitaxel. With a median OS follow-up of 16.3 months, the nab-paclitaxel group showed significantly longer OS compared with the immune monotherapy group (median, 28.6 months versus 15.9 months, log-rank p = 0.020). When adjusted by covariates in COX proportional regression model, both the treatment group [ p = 0.009, hazard ratio (HR) 0.361; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.168–0.773] and performance status ( p = 0.003, HR 0.372; 95% CI 0.192–0.721) demonstrated independent association with the longer OS from combination therapy. In addition, ORR was 23.5% (4/17) in the immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) plus nab-paclitaxel group versus 13.5% (5/37) in immune monotherapy group ( p = 0.439), with a DCR of 88.2% (15/17) and 59.5% (22/37) ( p = 0.034), respectively. The incidence of grade 3/4 adverse events was 23.5% (4/17) in the combination group and 2.5% (1/40) in the immune monotherapy group. Conclusion: PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor plus nab-paclitaxel resulted in significantly longer OS and higher response versus ICI single agent in metastatic NSCLC patients who have progressed after platinum-based chemotherapy. These findings need to be further explored by prospective studies.

Circulating Endothelial Cells as a Biomarker in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients: Correlation with Clinical Outcome

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fadi Najjar ◽  
Moosheer Alammar ◽  
Marroan Bachour ◽  
Ghassan Al-Massarani
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Healthy Volunteers ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Circulating Endothelial Cells ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Background Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) have been proposed as a biomarker for the assessment of patients with solid tumors. However, few data are available in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We therefore analyzed the clinical significance of CECs in newly diagnosed NSCLC patients. In addition, we tried to determine the prognostic value of CECs in NSCLC. Methods In this prospective study, 151 newly diagnosed NSCLC patients and 25 healthy volunteers were included. Furthermore, 25 patients with a partial response (n=15) or stable disease (n=10) after treatment were evaluated at recurrence with a mean follow-up of 117 days (range: 47-364 days). CECs were counted using magnetic beads coupled to a specific antibody against CD146. Results The pre-treatment CEC count was significantly higher in patients with all histological subtypes of NSCLC than in healthy volunteers (p<0.0001). High baseline CEC counts were significantly correlated with advanced clinical stages (p=0.026), weight loss (p=0.03), and poorly differentiated NSCLC (p=0.02). The amount of CECs increased significantly at recurrence compared with their amount after treatment in 20/21 assessable patients (p=0.0001). Nevertheless, there was no significant correlation between baseline CEC count and median duration of progression-free survival (p=0.402). Conclusions Increased CEC counts were present in patients with newly diagnosed NSCLC compared with healthy subjects. Elevated levels of baseline CECs correlated with high-risk factors in NSCLC. In addition, increased CEC count during follow-up seems to be correlated with recurrence in NSCLC patients.

scholarly journals Use of Palliative Radiotherapy Among Patients With Metastatic Non-small-cell Lung Cancer in Puerto Rico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerie Quinones-Avila ◽  
Karen J. Ortiz-Ortiz ◽  
Ruth Ríos-Motta ◽  
Heriberto Marín-Centeno ◽  
Guillermo Tortolero-Luna
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Puerto Rico ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Palliative Radiotherapy ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Abstract Background: Palliative radiotherapy (RT) represents an important treatment opportunity for improving the quality of life in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients through the management of symptoms within the course of the illness. This study examines the patient and clinical factors associated with palliative RT use among metastatic NSCLC patients in Puerto Rico. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed using secondary data analysis from 2009-2015 from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry–Health Insurance Linkage Database (PRCCR-HILD). A logistic regression model was used to examine factors associated with palliative RT. Results: Among the 929 patients identified with metastatic NSCLC, 33.80% received palliative RT within the first year after diagnosis. After adjusting for other covariates, receipt of chemotherapy (ORAdj = 3.90; 95% CI = 2.91-5.45; P < 0.001) and presence of symptoms (ORAdj =1.41; 95% CI =1.00-1.98; P = 0.045) were associated with increased odds of palliative RT use. Although marginally significant, patients with private health insurance had increased odds of palliative RT use (ORAdj = 1.50; 95% CI = 0.98-2.29; P = 0.061) when compared to beneficiaries of Medicaid, after adjusting by other covariates. Conclusions: The results of this study reveal concerning underuse of palliative RT among patients with metastatic NSCLC in Puerto Rico. Additional research is necessary to further understand the barriers to using palliative RT on the island.

scholarly journals Soluble High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1) Is a Promising Biomarker for Prediction of Therapy Response and Prognosis in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 356
Author(s):  
Nikolaus Handke ◽  
Alexander Rupp ◽  
Nicolai Trimpop ◽  
Joachim von Pawel ◽  
Stefan Holdenrieder
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Small Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Therapy Response ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cell Lung Carcinoma ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Background: High mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) is known for its significant elevation in a multitude of tumors and benign diseases. In this study, we investigated the relevance of soluble HMGB1 for the prediction and monitoring of therapy response as well as the estimation of prognosis in advanced lung cancer. Materials and Methods: In a retrospective study, HMGB1 levels were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in the sera of 96 patients with advanced lung cancer (79 non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC); 14 small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC), 3 Mesothelioma) prior to cycles 1, 2, and 3 of chemotherapy and correlated with radiological therapy response after 2 and 4 cycles as well as with overall survival. In addition, HMGB1 was compared with established tumor markers cytokeratin 19-fragments (CYFRA 21-1), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and neuron specific enolase (NSE). Results: While pretherapeutic HMGB1 levels were not predictive or prognostically relevant in NSCLC patients, HMGB1 values prior to cycles 2 and 3 as well as kinetics from cycle 1 to 2 discriminated significantly between patients with good (remission and stable disease) and poor response (progression). Performance of HMGB1 in receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of NSCLC patients, with areas under the curve (AUCs) of 0.690 at cycle 2 and 0.794 at cycle 3 as well as sensitivities of 34.4% and 37.5%, respectively, for progression at 90% specificity, was comparable with the best tumor-associated antigen CYFRA 21-1 (AUCs 0.719 and 0.799; sensitivities of 37.5% and 41.7%, respectively). Furthermore, high concentrations of HMGB1 at cycles 2 and 3 were associated with shorter overall survival in NSCLC patients. Conclusion: Soluble HMGB1 is a promising biomarker for prediction of therapy response and prognosis in advanced NSCLC patients.

scholarly journals The Expression of Programmed Death Ligand 1 and Vimentin in Resected Non-Metastatic Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Interplay and Prognostic Effects

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Bravaccini ◽  
Giuseppe Bronte ◽  
Elisabetta Petracci ◽  
Maurizio Puccetti ◽  
Manolo D’Arcangelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Vimentin Expression ◽  
Programmed Death Ligand 1 ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Programmed Death ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) is an immune checkpoint with a role in cancer-related immune evasion. It is a target for cancer immunotherapy and its expression is detected for the use of some immune checkpoint inhibitors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients (NSCLC). Vimentin is a key component of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype. Its expression has negative prognostic effects in NSCLC. In this study, we retrospectively evaluated PD-L1 and vimentin expression in tumor cells, immune infiltrate and PD-L1 positive immune infiltrate via immunohistochemistry in tissue samples from resected non-metastatic NSCLC patients. We explored the interplay between PD-L1 and vimentin expression through Spearman’s correlation test. We performed univariate analysis through the Cox models for demographic and clinico-pathological variables, and also for dichotomized biomarkers, i.e., PD-L1 and vimentin in tumor cells, both with 1 and 50% cutoffs. We used Kaplan-Meier method to estimate the overall survival, comparing both vimentin and PD-L1 positive patients with all the others. We found a weak positive correlation between PD-L1 and vimentin expressions in tumor cells (r = 0.25; p = 0.001). We also observed a statistically not significant trend towards a shorter overall survival in patients with both PD-L1 and vimentin expression &gt;1% (HR = 1.36; 95% CI: 0.96–1.93, p = 0.087). In conclusion, these findings suggest that interplay between PD-L1 and vimentin may exist in non-metastatic NSCLC patients and the positivity of both markers in tumor tissue is associated with a trend towards a worse prognosis.

Is survival improving in stage IV non-small cell lung cancer?

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6577-6577
Author(s):  
A. E. Birnbaum ◽  
T. Ng ◽  
B. O'Connor ◽  
A. Plette ◽  
D. Berz
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The United States ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Nsclc Patients

6577 Background: Non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents the number one cause of cancer mortality in the United States. Over several decades clinical research has focused on the development of new, more active chemotherapeutic drugs to improve survival. Over the time period from 1994 to 2003 six drugs have been approved for the treatment of metastatic NSCLC. We are presenting a population based analysis of the survival in patients with metastatic NSCLC in the US from 1981–1990, 1991–1997 and 1998–2003. We also provide a pharmaco-economic view of this observation. Methods: We analyzed the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) program database for cancer specific survival rates in stage IV NSCLC patients who were diagnosed between 1980 and 2003 in the SEER catchment geographic areas. The primary exposure of interest was the year of diagnosis. Results: We identified 52,086 eligible patients in total. 8,950, 21,111 and 18,712 patients were diagnosed 1981 to1990, 1991 to 1997 and 1998 to 2003 respectively. The cox proportional hazard ratios were 0.97 (95% CI 0.94–0.99) and 0.85 (0.83–0.88) for the time periods 1991 to 1997 and 1998 to 2003, respectively, using the time period from 1981 to1990 as reference. This subtle increase in survival was strictly paralleled by increasing costs for the medical care of this patient population. Conclusions: The survival of stage IV NSCLC patients seems to be mildly improving, what is paralleled by increasing cost for the care of those patients. [Table: see text] No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Threshold Effects of Plasma Methyl Donor Nutrients Status on High Lactate-Metabolomics Signatures of Metastatic Tumors in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 312-312
Author(s):  
Yen-Chu Chen ◽  
Jin-Shing Chen ◽  
Mei-Ling Cheng ◽  
Rwei-Fen Syu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Lactate Metabolism ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Lung Cancers ◽  
Methyl Donors ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Free Choline ◽  
Nsclc Patients ◽  
High Lactate

Abstract Objectives Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the worldwide. In non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLC), metabolic reprogramming of lactate metabolism has been proposed as a key player in cancer metastasis. Nutritional status of methyl donors was associated with increased risks of lung cancers, yet their roles in lactate metabolism and metastatic NSCLC development remains unclear. Methods The cross-sectional study recruited 100 NSCLC patients with selected 18 paired NSCLC tissues from National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), Taiwan. Plasma methyl donors levels (folate/free choline/betaine) of NSCLC patients and target metabolomics signatures of paired NSCLC tissues were analyzed by Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Clinical data of NSCLC tissues were collected from the department of pathology in NTUH. Results Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) revealed that metabolic signatures of tumor/non-tumor lung tissues were well segregated. The two major tumor metabolites signatures of metastatic NSCLC were lactate and glucose, the levels of which were high and low, respectively, with both metabolites displaying the two highest VIP scores. A correlation heatmap showed that tumor lactate levels were strongly associated with increased TCA metabolites (pyruvate, succinate, fumarate and malate) and anaplerotic amino acid levels (alanine and arginine), and inversely correlated with glycolytic metabolites (glucose and PEP). When stratifying plasma methyl donors status of 18 paired NSCLC tumors with metabolomics VIP scores, threshold levels of folate (≥6 ng/ml), free choline (≥9.78 µmol/L) and betaine (≥62.0 µmol/L) were associated with high lactate and low glucose signatures of NSCLC. In particular, plasma betaine was positively associated with tumor lactate (r = 0.51, P = 0.031); plasma lactate was positively associated with tumor glucose (r = 0.53, P = 0.023). Conclusions Our data demonstrate that metastatic NSCLCs were signified with high-lactate metabolizing-metabolomics fingerprints which were modified by plasma methyl donors’ status with a differential threshold effect. Funding Sources This study was supported by the three-year grant from the Ministration of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC.

scholarly journals Surgery for Stage IV Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Lobectomy or Sub-lobar Resection?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hengrui Liang ◽  
Yichi Zhang ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Jun Huang ◽  
Fei Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
Lymph Node Dissection ◽  
Survival Benefit ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Node Dissection ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Nsclc Patients

Abstract Background : A survival benefit was observed in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients that underwent operation. But no evidence to support whether lobectomy would further prolong these patients’ live than sub-lobar resection.Methods: Patients that underwent primary tumor resection with metastatic NSCLC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database and then divided into lobectomy and sub-lobar resection groups. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance characters. Cancer specific survival (CSS) was estimated.Results: A total of 24,268 patients with metastatic NSCLC were identified; 4,114 (16.95%) received primary tumor surgery, of which 2,045 (49.71%) underwent lobectomy and 1,766 (42.93%) underwent sub-lobar resection. After PSM, 644 patients in each group were included. Lobectomy was independently correlated with longer median CSS time (HR=0.70, 95% CI 0.61-0.80, P<0.001). The 1, 2 and 3-year survival rate after PSM also favored the lobectomy group. However, no significant survival difference was found in wedge resection and segmentectomy (HR=0.96, 95% CI 0.70-1.31, P=0.490). The 1, 2 and 3-year survival rate after PSM also showed no difference within the sub-lobar group. We explore whether lymph node dissection would provide a further survival benefit for stage IV NSCLC patients. According to the multivariate Cox analysis of the matched population, lymph node dissection was independently associated with better CSS (HR=0.76, 95% CI 0.66-0.88, P<0.001) and OS (HR=0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.86, P<0.001). We confirmed this result in different types of surgery and found lymph node dissection group persist to have better survival outcomes both in lobectomy group and sub-lobar resection population. According to subgroup analysis, except for stage T4 and brain metastasis patients, all subtype of patients would benefit more from lobectomy than sub-lobar resection.Conclusions: Lobectomy brings survival benefit in metastatic NSCLC patients compared with sub-lobar resection.

Risk of intracranial hemorrhage and cerebrovascular accidents in non-small cell lung cancer brain metastasis patients

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 7671-7671
Author(s):  
G. Srivastava ◽  
V. Rana ◽  
S. Taylor ◽  
M. Debnam ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Cerebrovascular Accidents ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Nsclc Patients

7671 Background: Brain metastases confer significant morbidity and a poorer survival in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Vascular endothelial growth factor-targeted antiangiogenic therapies (AAT) have demonstrated benefit for patients with metastatic NSCLC and are expected to directly inhibit the pathophysiology and morbidity of brain metastases, yet patients with brain metastases have been excluded from most clinical trials of AAT for fear of intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). This is a low suspected risk, but needs to be quantitated to plan clinical trials of AAT for NSCLC brain metastases. Methods: Data from MD Anderson Cancer Center Tumor Registry and electronic medical records from January 1998 to March 2006 was interrogated. 2143 patients with metastatic NSCLC registering from Jan 1998 to Sept 2005 were followed till March 2006. 776 patients with and 1367 patients without brain metastases were followed till death, date of ICH, or last date of study, whichever occurred first. Results: The incidence of ICH seemed to be higher in those with brain metastasis compared to those without. However, the rates of symptomatic ICH were not significantly different. All ICH patients with brain metastasis had received radiation therapy for them and were not anticoagulated. Most of the brain metastasis-associated ICH's were asymptomatic, detected during radiologic surveillance. The rates of symptomatic ICH, or cerebrovascular accidents were similar and not significantly different between the two groups. The following table depicts the rates of CVA and/or ICH in metastatic NSCLC patients. Conclusions: In metastatic NSCLC patients, the incidence of spontaneous ICH appeared to be higher in those with brain metastases compared to those without, but was very low in both groups nonetheless without a statistically significant difference. These data suggest minimal risk of clinically significant ICH for NSCLC brain metastasis patients and justifies for them clinical trials of AAT. No significant financial relationships to disclose. [Table: see text]

A comparative analysis of survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer with brain metastases receiving intracranial radiation with and without immunotherapy.

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 9025-9025
Author(s):  
Sunita Patruni ◽  
Ahmed Khattab ◽  
Stephen Abel ◽  
Shaakir Hasan ◽  
Saleha Rizwan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Intracranial Metastasis ◽  
Metastatic Nsclc ◽  
Nsclc Patients

9025 Background: Many patients diagnosed with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) will develop intracranial metastasis, contributing significantly to morbidity and mortality. Immunotherapy (IMT) has emerged as the standard of care in select cases of metastatic NSCLC, though data investigating the survival impact of IMT and radiation (XRT) in these patients is limited. To characterize the survival impact of intracranial XRT and IMT in NSCLC patients with brain metastasis, we analyzed the National Cancer Database (NCDB). Methods: We queried the NCDB for patients with metastatic NSCLC having brain metastasis receiving intracranial XRT ± IMT. Univariable and multivariable analyses identified characteristics predictive of overall survival. Cox proportional hazard ratios with propensity matching mitigated indication bias between the two arms. Results: 13,998 NSCLC patients who received IMT (n = 545) or did not receive IMT (n = 13,545) were eligible for analysis. Univariable analysis demonstrated a median overall survival of 13.1 months (95% CI: 11.8-15.0) vs. 9.7 months (95% CI: 9.5-9.9) (p < 0.0001) and 3-year overall survival of 17% vs. 12% [p < 0.0001; HR: 0.77 (0.71-0.84)] in patients receiving and not receiving IMT respectively. Patients with N3 disease and those diagnosed between 2012 and 2014 were more likely to have received IMT. Receipt of IMT remained an independent predictor of increased survival on propensity score matched multivariable comparison (p = 0.0002). Conclusions: Receipt of IMT was an independent predictor of increased overall survival in patients with NSCLC having intracranial metastasis. Randomized, prospective studies are needed to further validate these findings. [Table: see text]

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