scholarly journals Implications of the school-household network structure on SARS-CoV-2 transmission under school reopening strategies in England

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James D. Munday ◽  
◽  
Katharine Sherratt ◽  
Sophie Meakin ◽  
Akira Endo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
School Closures

AbstractIn early 2020 many countries closed schools to mitigate the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Since then, governments have sought to relax the closures, engendering a need to understand associated risks. Using address records, we construct a network of schools in England connected through pupils who share households. We evaluate the risk of transmission between schools under different reopening scenarios. We show that whilst reopening select year-groups causes low risk of large-scale transmission, reopening secondary schools could result in outbreaks affecting up to 2.5 million households if unmitigated, highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and within-school infection control to avoid further school closures or other restrictions.

Teaching geography of Azerbaijan in the content of geography subject in secondary schools of general education

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (01) ◽  
pp. 136-140
Author(s):  
Aytaj Vazeh Tagiyeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
General Education ◽  
Education System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Problem Situation ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Teaching Unit ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Map Analysis ◽  
11Th Grade

Summary In the modern period of reforms in the education system of our country, large-scale changes are reflected in the teaching of geography, including the teaching of geography in Azerbaijan. Thus, in the country's secondary schools, Azerbaijani geography is taught in all classes on the basis of the principle of succession in geography. Geography of Azerbaijan plays an important role in the teaching of geography in secondary schools. Out of 57 subjects taught in the 10th grade, 16 subjects are taught entirely in Azerbaijani geography. In the 11th grade, 7 out of 44 topics are discussed in their entirety, the geography of Azerbaijan. In addition, the information on the geography of Azerbaijan is reflected in the structure of the problem situation, asking research questions, systematization of information, creative application of the lesson, assessment stages. Key words: education, training, geography of Azerbaijan, map, analysis, assessment, teaching unit, subject, text, illustration, assignment

scholarly journals Large-Scale Use of the Modified Checklist for Autism in Low-Risk Toddlers

PEDIATRICS ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
pp. e1121-e1127 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Chlebowski ◽  
D. L. Robins ◽  
M. L. Barton ◽  
D. Fein
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Risk

scholarly journals Fit to Study: Reflections on designing and implementing a large-scale randomized controlled trial in secondary schools

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 100134
Author(s):  
Catherine Wheatley ◽  
Nick Beale ◽  
Thomas Wassenaar ◽  
Mackenzie Graham ◽  
Emma Eldridge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Randomized Controlled

Use of score sheets for welfare assessment of transgenic mice

2001 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 379-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. van der Meer ◽  
A. Rolls ◽  
V. Baumans ◽  
B. Olivier ◽  
L. F. M. van Zutphen
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transgenic Animal ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Welfare Assessment ◽  
Daily Care ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Transgenic Lines

The use of transgenic mice has increased dramatically in recent years and continues to increase further. However, because transgenesis may alter a balanced genotype and produce unpredictable effects, careful monitoring of health and welfare of the transgenic animal is advised. The present study assessed the feasibility of the use of score sheets for monitoring transgenic mice, as part of daily routine, in a transgenic unit. The score sheets used were based on parameters which are sensitive and easy to determine. The score sheets were used by two animal technicians and a thorough evaluation showed that the score sheets, as described in this paper, are useful for routine monitoring in a transgenic unit and may result in the early detection of animal welfare problems. However, notwithstanding the limited number of parameters included and the restricted age-span covered by the screening, the monitoring system was considered to be time consuming. Large-scale implementation of such a scoring system during the first weeks of life would increase daily care time by at least 15-20 min for an average litter of 4-6 pups. Nevertheless, the use of score sheets seems to be a prerequisite for monitoring the animal's welfare in the course of producing transgenic lines.

scholarly journals 4284 Development of a Survey Instrument to Predict Uptake of and Adherence to Active Surveillance among Men with Low-Risk Prostate Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (s1) ◽  
pp. 128-129
Author(s):  
Aaron T Seaman ◽  
Kathryn L. Taylor ◽  
Kimberly Davis ◽  
Kenneth G. Nepple ◽  
Michelle A. Mengeling ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Active Surveillance ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Survey Instrument ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Cognitive Interviews ◽  
Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Low Risk Prostate Cancer ◽  
Single Instrument

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Active surveillance (AS) is a recognized strategy to manage low-risk prostate cancer (PCa) in the absence of cancer progression. Little prospective data exists on the decisional factors associated with selecting and adhering to AS in the absence of cancer progression. We developed a survey instrument to predict AS uptake and adherence. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We utilized a three-step process to develop and refine a survey instrument designed to predict AS uptake and adherence among men with low-risk PCa: 1) We identified relevant conceptual domains based on prior research and a literature review. 2) We conducted 21 semi-structured concept elicitation interviews to identify patient-perceived barriers and facilitators to AS uptake and adherence among men with a low-risk PCa who had been on AS for ≥1 year. The identified concepts became the basis of our draft survey instrument. 3) We conducted two rounds of cognitive interviews with men with low-risk PCa (n = 12; n = 6) to refine and initially validate the instrument. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Relevant concepts identified from the initial interviews included the importance of patient: knowledge of their PCa risk, value in delaying treatment, trust in urologist and the AS surveillance protocol, and perceived social support. Initially, the survey was drafted as a single instrument to be administered after a patient had selected AS comprising sections on patient health, AS selection, and AS adherence. Based on the first round of cognitive interviews, we revised the single instrument into two surveys to track shifts in patient preference and experience. The first, administered at diagnosis, focuses on selection, and the second, a 6-month follow up, focuses on adherence. Following revisions, participants indicated the revised 2-part instrument was clear and not burdensome to complete. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The instrument’s content validity was evaluated through cognitive interviews, which supported that the survey items’ intended and understood meanings were isomorphic. In the next phase, we plan to conduct a large-scale prospective cohort study to evaluate the predictive validity, after which it will be available for public research use.

scholarly journals LO06: Role of the age adjusted D-dimer in suspected deep venous thrombosis

CJEM ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (S1) ◽  
pp. S29
Author(s):  
P. Reardon ◽  
S. Patrick ◽  
M. Taljaard ◽  
K. Thavorn ◽  
M.A. Mukarram ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Deep Venous Thrombosis ◽  
Older Patients ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
False Negative ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Clinical Probability ◽  
D Dimer

Introduction: It is well established that a negative D-dimer will reliably rule out thromboembolism in selected low risk patients. Multiple modified D-dimer cutoffs have been suggested for older patients to improve diagnostic specificity. However, these approaches are better established for pulmonary embolism than for deep venous thrombosis (DVT). This study will evaluate the diagnostic performance of previously suggested D-dimer cutoffs for low risk DVT patients in the ED, and assess for a novel cutoff with improved performance. Methods: This health records review included patients >50 years with suspected DVT who were low-risk and had a D-dimer performed. Our analysis evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of D-dimer cutoffs of 500 and the age adjusted (age x 10) rule for patients >50 years; and 750, and 1,000 cutoffs for patients >60 years. 30-day outcome was a diagnosis of DVT. We also assessed the diagnostic accuracy for a novel cutoff (age x 12.5). Results: 1,000 patients (mean age 68 years; 59% female) were included. Of these, 110 patients (11%) were diagnosed with DVT. The conventional cutoff of <500 µg/L demonstrated a sensitivity of 99.1% (95% CI 95.0-99.9) and a specificity of 36.4% (95% CI 33.2-39.7). For patients >60 years, the absolute cutoffs of 750 and 1,000 showed sensitivity of 98.7% (95% CI, 92.9, 99.9), and the specificity increased to 48.6% (95% CI, 44.5-52.8%) and 62.1% (95% CI, 58.1-66.1%) respectively. For all study patients, age adjusted D-dimer demonstrated a sensitivity of 99.1% (95% CI 95.0-99.9) and a specificity of 51.2% (95% CI, 47.9-54.6). A novel age adjusted cutoff (age x 12.5) for patients >50, demonstrated a sensitivity of 97.3% (95% CI 92.2-99.4) and a specificity of 61.2% (95% CI 58.0-64.5). When compared to conventional cutoff, the age adjusted cutoffs (age x 10 and age x 12.5) would have resulted in an absolute decrease in further investigations of 13.1% and 22.2%, respectively, with false negative rates of 0.1% and 0.3%. Conclusion: Among older patients with suspected DVT and low clinical probability, the age adjusted D-dimer increases the proportion of patients among whom DVT can be ruled out. A novel cutoff (age x 12.5) demonstrated improved specificity. Future large scale prospective studies are needed to confirm this finding and to explore the cost savings of these approaches.

scholarly journals Direct Learning of Sparse Changes in Markov Networks by Density Ratio Estimation

2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 1169-1197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Liu ◽  
John A. Quinn ◽  
Michael U. Gutmann ◽  
Taiji Suzuki ◽  
Masashi Sugiyama
Keyword(s):  
Network Structure ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Density Ratio ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Structure Change ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Markov Networks ◽  
Markov Network ◽  
Naive Approach

We propose a new method for detecting changes in Markov network structure between two sets of samples. Instead of naively fitting two Markov network models separately to the two data sets and figuring out their difference, we directly learn the network structure change by estimating the ratio of Markov network models. This density-ratio formulation naturally allows us to introduce sparsity in the network structure change, which highly contributes to enhancing interpretability. Furthermore, computation of the normalization term, a critical bottleneck of the naive approach, can be remarkably mitigated. We also give the dual formulation of the optimization problem, which further reduces the computation cost for large-scale Markov networks. Through experiments, we demonstrate the usefulness of our method.

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