scholarly journals Publisher Correction: Relaxed selection underlies genome erosion in socially parasitic ant species

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Schrader ◽  
Hailin Pan ◽  
Martin Bollazzi ◽  
Morten Schiøtt ◽  
Fredrick J. Larabee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relaxed Selection

scholarly journals Independent pseudogenizations and losses of sox15 during amniote diversification following asymmetric ohnolog evolution

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusaku Ogita ◽  
Kei Tamura ◽  
Shuuji Mawaribuchi ◽  
Nobuhiko Takamatsu ◽  
Michihiko Ito
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vertebrate Evolution ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Cns Development ◽  
Placental Development ◽  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Significant Sequence Similarity ◽  
Anuran Amphibians ◽  
Divergent Gene

Abstract Background Four ohnologous genes (sox1, sox2, sox3, and sox15) were generated by two rounds of whole-genome duplication in a vertebrate ancestor. In eutherian mammals, Sox1, Sox2, and Sox3 participate in central nervous system (CNS) development. Sox15 has a function in skeletal muscle regeneration and has little functional overlap with the other three ohnologs. In contrast, the frog Xenopus laevis and zebrafish orthologs of sox15 as well as sox1-3 function in CNS development. We previously reported that Sox15 is involved in mouse placental development as neofunctionalization, but is pseudogenized in the marsupial opossum. These findings suggest that sox15 might have evolved with divergent gene fates during vertebrate evolution. However, knowledge concerning sox15 in other vertebrate lineages than therian mammals, anuran amphibians, and teleost fish is scarce. Our purpose in this study was to clarify the fate and molecular evolution of sox15 during vertebrate evolution. Results We searched for sox15 orthologs in all vertebrate classes from agnathans to mammals by significant sequence similarity and synteny analyses using vertebrate genome databases. Interestingly, sox15 was independently pseudogenized at least twice during diversification of the marsupial mammals. Moreover, we observed independent gene loss of sox15 at least twice during reptile evolution in squamates and crocodile-bird diversification. Codon-based phylogenetic tree and selective analyses revealed an increased dN/dS ratio for sox15 compared to the other three ohnologs during jawed vertebrate evolution. Conclusions The findings revealed an asymmetric evolution of sox15 among the four ohnologs during vertebrate evolution, which was supported by the increased dN/dS values in cartilaginous fishes, anuran amphibians, and amniotes. The increased dN/dS value of sox15 may have been caused mainly by relaxed selection. Notably, independent pseudogenizations and losses of sox15 were observed during marsupial and reptile evolution, respectively. Both might have been caused by strong relaxed selection. The drastic gene fates of sox15, including neofunctionalization and pseudogenizations/losses during amniote diversification, might be caused by a release from evolutionary constraints.

scholarly journals Genome Reduction and Relaxed Selection is Associated with the Transition to Symbiosis in the Basidiomycete Genus Podaxis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin H. Conlon ◽  
Cene Gostinčar ◽  
Janis Fricke ◽  
Nina B. Kreuzenbeck ◽  
Jan-Martin Daniel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Reduction ◽  
Relaxed Selection

scholarly journals Evidence for relaxed selection of mitogenome in rapid-flow cyprinids

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (7) ◽  
pp. 863-869
Author(s):  
Yao Lu ◽  
Hu Xing ◽  
Dongsheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Rapid Flow ◽  
Selection Of

Relaxed Selection and the Rapid Evolution of Reproductive Genes

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 640-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy L. Dapper ◽  
Michael J. Wade
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Reproductive Genes

scholarly journals Spontaneous whole-genome duplication restores fertility in interspecific hybrids

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Charron ◽  
Souhir Marsit ◽  
Mathieu Hénault ◽  
Hélène Martin ◽  
Christian R. Landry
Keyword(s):  
Interspecific Hybrids ◽  
Whole Genome Duplication ◽  
Genome Duplication ◽  
Mitotic Cell ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Interspecies Hybrids ◽  
Established Species ◽  
Fertility Recovery

Abstract Interspecies hybrids often show some advantages over parents but also frequently suffer from reduced fertility, which can sometimes be overcome through sexual reproduction that sorts out genetic incompatibilities. Sex is however inefficient due to the low viability or fertility of hybrid offspring and thus limits their evolutionary potential. Mitotic cell division could be an alternative to fertility recovery in species such as fungi that can also propagate asexually. Here, to test this, we evolve in parallel and under relaxed selection more than 600 diploid yeast inter-specific hybrids that span from 100,000 to 15 M years of divergence. We find that hybrids can recover fertility spontaneously and rapidly through whole-genome duplication. These events occur in both hybrids between young and well-established species. Our results show that the instability of ploidy in hybrid is an accessible path to spontaneous fertility recovery.

scholarly journals Generalism in Nature…The Great Misnomer: Aphids and Wasp Parasitoids as Examples

Insects ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh D. Loxdale ◽  
Adalbert Balog ◽  
Jeffrey A. Harvey
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Large Degree ◽  
Parasitoid Wasps ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Entry And Exit ◽  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Dietary Breadth ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Enemy Free Space ◽  
Living Organisms

In the present article we discuss why, in our view, the term ‘generalism’ to define the dietary breadth of a species is a misnomer and should be revised by entomologists/ecologists with the more exact title relating to the animal in question’s level of phagy—mono-, oligo, or polyphagy. We discard generalism as a concept because of the indisputable fact that all living organisms fill a unique ecological niche, and that entry and exit from such niches are the acknowledged routes and mechanisms driving ecological divergence and ultimately speciation. The term specialist is probably still useful and we support its continuing usage simply because all species and lower levels of evolutionary diverge are indeed specialists to a large degree. Using aphids and parasitoid wasps as examples, we provide evidence from the literature that even some apparently highly polyphagous agricultural aphid pest species and their wasp parasitoids are probably not as polyphagous as formerly assumed. We suggest that the shifting of plant hosts by herbivorous insects like aphids, whilst having positive benefits in reducing competition, and reducing antagonists by moving the target organism into ‘enemy free space’, produces trade-offs in survival, involving relaxed selection in the case of the manicured agro-ecosystem.

scholarly journals Synchronized mating signals in a communication network: the challenge of avoiding predators while attracting mates

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1912) ◽  
pp. 20191067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry D. Legett ◽  
Rachel A. Page ◽  
Ximena E. Bernal
Keyword(s):  
General Strategy ◽  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Mating Signals ◽  
Multiple Receivers ◽  
Tungara Frogs ◽  
Female Attraction ◽  
Signal Synchronization ◽  
Natural And Sexual Selection

Conspicuous mating signals attract mates but also expose signallers to predators and parasites. Signal evolution, therefore, is driven by conflicting selective pressures from multiple receivers, both target and non-target. Synchronization of mating signals, for example, is an evolutionary puzzle, given the assumed high cost of reduced female attraction when signals overlap. Synchronization may be beneficial, however, if overlapping signals reduce attraction of non-target receivers. We investigate how signal synchronization is shaped by the trade-off between natural and sexual selection in two anuran species: pug-nosed tree frogs ( Smilisca sila ), in which males produce mating calls in near-perfect synchrony, and túngara frogs ( Engystomops pustulosus ), in which males alternate their calls. To examine the trade-off imposed by signal synchronization, we conducted field and laboratory playback experiments on eavesdropping enemies (bats and midges) and target receivers (female frogs). Our results suggest that, while synchronization can be a general strategy for signallers to reduce their exposure to eavesdroppers, relaxed selection by females for unsynchronized calls is key to the evolution and maintenance of signal synchrony. This study highlights the role of relaxed selection in our understanding of the origin of mating signals and displays.

scholarly journals Two Generations of Relaxed Selection in Commercial Crosses of Poultry

1981 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-936
Author(s):  
C.G. VASQUEZ ◽  
B.B. BOHREN
Keyword(s):  
Relaxed Selection ◽  
Two Generations
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