scholarly journals A cortical cell ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex controls past experience-dependent memory updating

2022 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinobu Suzuki ◽  
Sakurako Kosugi ◽  
Emi Murayama ◽  
Eri Sasakawa ◽  
Noriaki Ohkawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
The Impact

AbstractWhen processing current sensory inputs, animals refer to related past experiences. Current information is then incorporated into the related neural network to update previously stored memories. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying the impact of memories of prior experiences on current learning is not well understood. Here, we found that a cellular ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that is activated during past experience mediates an interaction between past and current information to update memory through a PPC-anterior cingulate cortex circuit in mice. Moreover, optogenetic silencing of the PPC ensemble immediately after retrieval dissociated the interaction without affecting individual memories stored in the hippocampus and amygdala. Thus, a specific subpopulation of PPC cells represents past information and instructs downstream brain regions to update previous memories.

scholarly journals Cortical cell ensemble control of past experience-dependent memory updating

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akinobu Suzuki ◽  
Sakurako Kosugi ◽  
Emi Murayama ◽  
Eri Sasakawa ◽  
Noriaki Ohkawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Ensemble Control ◽  
Current Information ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Prior Experiences ◽  
The Impact

When processing current sensory inputs, animals refer to related past experiences. Current information is then incorporated into the related neural network to update previously stored memories. However, the neuronal mechanism underlying the impact of memories of prior experiences on current learning is not well understood. Here, we found that a cellular ensemble in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that is activated during past experience mediates an interaction between past and current information to update memory through a PPC-anterior cingulate cortex circuit in mice. Moreover, optogenetic silencing of the PPC ensemble immediately after retrieval dissociated the interaction without affecting individual memories stored in the hippocampus and amygdala. Thus, a specific subpopulation of PPC cells represents past information and instructs downstream brain regions to update previous memories.

scholarly journals Attentional bias to threat and gray mater volume morphology in high anxious individuals

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua M. Carlson ◽  
Lin Fang
Keyword(s):  
Attentional Bias ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Brain Morphology ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Right

AbstractIn a sample of highly anxious individuals, the relationship between gray matter volume brain morphology and attentional bias to threat was assessed. Participants performed a dot-probe task of attentional bias to threat and gray matter volume was acquired from whole brain structural T1-weighted MRI scans. The results replicate previous findings in unselected samples that elevated attentional bias to threat is linked to greater gray matter volume in the anterior cingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, and striatum. In addition, we provide novel evidence that elevated attentional bias to threat is associated with greater gray matter volume in the right posterior parietal cortex, cerebellum, and other distributed regions. Lastly, exploratory analyses provide initial evidence that distinct sub-regions of the right posterior parietal cortex may contribute to attentional bias in a sex-specific manner. Our results illuminate how differences in gray matter volume morphology relate to attentional bias to threat in anxious individuals. This knowledge could inform neurocognitive models of anxiety-related attentional bias to threat and targets of neuroplasticity in anxiety interventions such as attention bias modification.

Reduced Cognitive Control Demands after Practice of Saccade Tasks in a Trial Type Probability Manipulation

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan E. Pierce ◽  
Jennifer E. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Trial Type ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Practice Group ◽  
Task Practice ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Cognitive control is engaged to facilitate stimulus–response mappings for novel, complex tasks and supervise performance in unfamiliar, challenging contexts—processes supported by pFC, ACC, and posterior parietal cortex. With repeated task practice, however, the appropriate task set can be selected in a more automatic fashion with less need for top–down cognitive control and weaker activation in these brain regions. One model system for investigating cognitive control is the ocular motor circuitry underlying saccade production, with basic prosaccade trials (look toward a stimulus) and complex antisaccade trials (look to the mirror image location) representing low and high levels of cognitive control, respectively. Previous studies have shown behavioral improvements on saccade tasks after practice with contradictory results regarding the direction of functional MRI BOLD signal change. The current study presented healthy young adults with prosaccade and antisaccade trials in five mixed blocks with varying probability of each trial type (0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% anti vs. pro) at baseline and posttest MRI sessions. Between the scans, participants practiced either the specific probability blocks used during testing or only a general 100% antisaccade block. Results indicated an overall reduction in BOLD activation within pFC, ACC, and posterior parietal cortex and across saccade circuitry for antisaccade trials. The specific practice group showed additional regions including ACC, insula, and thalamus with an activation decrease after practice, whereas the general practice group showed a little change from baseline in those clusters. These findings demonstrate that cognitive control regions recruited to support novel task behaviors were engaged less after practice, especially with exposure to mixed task contexts rather than a novel task in isolation.

Experience-Dependent Neural Integration of Taste and Smell in the Human Brain

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
pp. 1892-1903 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana M. Small ◽  
Joel Voss ◽  
Y. Erica Mak ◽  
Katharine B. Simmons ◽  
Todd Parrish ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Flavor Perception ◽  
Odor Pair ◽  
Frontal Operculum ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Flavor perception arises from the central integration of peripherally distinct sensory inputs (taste, smell, texture, temperature, sight, and even sound of foods). The results from psychophysical and neuroimaging studies in humans are converging with electrophysiological findings in animals and a picture of the neural correlates of flavor processing is beginning to emerge. Here we used event-related fMRI to evaluate brain response during perception of flavors (i.e., taste/odor liquid mixtures not differing in temperature or texture) compared with the sum of the independent presentation of their constituents (taste and/or odor). All stimuli were presented in liquid form so that olfactory stimulation was by the retronasal route. Mode of olfactory delivery is important because neural suppression has been observed in chemosensory regions during congruent taste–odor pairs when the odors are delivered by the orthonasal route and require subjects to sniff. There were 2 flavors. One contained a familiar/congruent taste–odor pair (vanilla/sweet) and the other an unfamiliar/incongruent taste–odor pair (vanilla/salty). Three unimodal stimuli, including 2 tastes (sweet and salty) and one odor (vanilla), as well as a tasteless/odorless liquid (baseline) were presented. Superadditive responses during the perception of the congruent flavor compared with the sum of its constituents were observed in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), dorsal insula, anterior ventral insula extending into the caudal orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), frontal operculum, ventral lateral prefrontal cortex, and posterior parietal cortex. These regions were not present in a similar analysis of the incongruent flavor compared with the sum of its constituents. All of these regions except the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex were also isolated in a direct contrast of congruent − incongruent. Additionally, the anterior cingulate, posterior parietal cortex, frontal operculum, and ventral insula/caudal OFC were also more active in vanilla + salty minus incongruent, suggesting that delivery of an unfamiliar taste–odor combination may lead to suppressed neural responses. Taken together with previous findings in the literature, these results suggest that the insula, OFC, and ACC are key components of the network underlying flavor perception and that taste–smell integration within these and other regions is dependent on 1) mode of olfactory delivery and 2) previous experience with taste/smell combinations.

Representation of Eye Position in the Human Parietal Cortex

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 2169-2177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian L. Williams ◽  
Andrew T. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Posterior Aspect ◽  
Posterior Parietal

Neurons that signal eye position are thought to make a vital contribution to distinguishing real world motion from retinal motion caused by eye movements, but relatively little is known about such neurons in the human brain. Here we present data from functional MRI experiments that are consistent with the existence of neurons sensitive to eye position in darkness in the human posterior parietal cortex. We used the enhanced sensitivity of multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA) techniques, combined with a searchlight paradigm, to isolate brain regions sensitive to direction of gaze. During data acquisition, participants were cued to direct their gaze to the left or right for sustained periods as part of a block-design paradigm. Following the exclusion of saccade-related activity from the data, the multivariate analysis showed sensitivity to tonic eye position in two localized posterior parietal regions, namely the dorsal precuneus and, more weakly, the posterior aspect of the intraparietal sulcus. Sensitivity to eye position was also seen in anterior portions of the occipital cortex. The observed sensitivity of visual cortical neurons to eye position, even in the total absence of visual stimulation, is possibly a result of feedback from posterior parietal regions that receive eye position signals and explicitly encode direction of gaze.

scholarly journals From visual affordances in monkey parietal cortex to hippocampo–parietal interactions underlying rat navigation

1997 ◽  
Vol 352 (1360) ◽  
pp. 1429-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Arbib
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Formal Similarity ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Level Model ◽  
Saccade Task

This paper explores the hypothesis that various subregions (but by no means all) of the posterior parietal cortex are specialized to process visual information to extract a variety of affordances for behaviour. Two biologically based models of regions of the posterior parietal cortex of the monkey are introduced. The model of the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) emphasizes its roles in dynamic remapping of the representation of targets during a double saccade task, and in combining stored, updated input with current visual input. The model of the anterior intraparietal area (AIP) addresses parietal–premotor interactions involved in grasping, and analyses the interaction between the AIP and premotor area F5. The model represents the role of other intraparietal areas working in concert with the inferotemporal cortex as well as with corollary discharge from F5 to provide and augment the affordance information in the AIP, and suggests how various constraints may resolve the action opportunities provided by multiple affordances. Finally, a systems–level model of hippocampo–parietal interactions underlying rat navigation is developed, motivated by the monkey data used in developing the above two models as well as by data on neurons in the posterior parietal cortex of the monkey that are sensitive to visual motion. The formal similarity between dynamic remapping (primate saccades) and path integration (rat navigation) is noted, and certain available data on rat posterior parietal cortex in terms of affordances for locomotion are explained. The utility of further modelling, linking the World Graph model of cognitive maps for motivated behaviour with hippocampal–parietal interactions involved in navigation, is also suggested. These models demonstrate that posterior parietal cortex is not only itself a network of interacting subsystems, but functions through cooperative computation with many other brain regions.

scholarly journals Distinct effects of prefrontal and parietal cortex inactivations on an accumulation of evidence task in the rat

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C Erlich ◽  
Bingni W Brunton ◽  
Chunyu A Duan ◽  
Timothy D Hanks ◽  
Carlos D Brody
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Cortical Regions

Numerous brain regions have been shown to have neural correlates of gradually accumulating evidence for decision-making, but the causal roles of these regions in decisions driven by accumulation of evidence have yet to be determined. Here, in rats performing an auditory evidence accumulation task, we inactivated the frontal orienting fields (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), two rat cortical regions that have neural correlates of accumulating evidence and that have been proposed as central to decision-making. We used a detailed model of the decision process to analyze the effect of inactivations. Inactivation of the FOF induced substantial performance impairments that were quantitatively best described as an impairment in the output pathway of an evidence accumulator with a long integration time constant (>240 ms). In contrast, we found a minimal role for PPC in decisions guided by accumulating auditory evidence, even while finding a strong role for PPC in internally-guided decisions.

scholarly journals Neurometabolite Changes in Hyperthyroid Patients Before and After Antithyroid Treatment: An in vivo1H MRS Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Sadhana Singh ◽  
Poonam Rana ◽  
Pawan Kumar ◽  
Tarun Sekhri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Antithyroid Treatment ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

Purpose: Patients with hyperthyroidism have frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms such as lack of attention, concentration, poor memory, impaired executive functions, depression, and anxiety. These neurocognitive impairments such as memory, attention, and executive functions appear to be associated with dysfunction in brain regions. This study was conducted to investigate the metabolic changes in the brain subcortical regions, i.e., posterior parietal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), in patients with hyperthyroidism before and after antithyroid treatment using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H MRS).Materials and Methods: We collected neuropsychological and 1H MRS data from posterior parietal cortex and DLPFC, in both control (N = 30) and hyperthyroid (N = 30) patients. In addition, follow-up data were available for 19 patients treated with carbimazole for 30 weeks. The relative ratios of the neurometabolites were calculated using the Linear Combination Model (LCModel). Analysis of co-variance using Bonferroni correction was performed between healthy controls and hyperthyroid patients, and a paired t-test was applied in patients at baseline and follow-up. Spearman’s rank-order correlation was used to analyze bivariate associations between thyroid hormone levels and metabolite ratios, and the partial correlation analysis was performed between neuropsychological scores and metabolite ratios, with age and sex as covariates, in the patients before and after treatment.Results: Our results revealed a significant decrease in choline/creatine [glycerophosphocholine (GPC) + phosphocholine (PCh)/creatine (tCr)] in both the posterior parietal cortex and DLPFC in hyperthyroid patients, and these changes were reversible after antithyroid treatment. The posterior parietal cortex also showed significantly reduced glutamate/creatine (Glu/tCr), (glutamate + glutamine)/creatine (Glx/tCr), and increased glutathione/creatine (GSH/tCr) ratios in the hyperthyroid patients over control subjects. In DLPFC, only (N-acetyl aspartate + N-acetyl aspartyl-glutamate)/creatine (NAA + NAAG)/tCr was increased in the hyperthyroid patients. After antithyroid treatment, (GPC + PCh)/tCr increased, and Glx/tCr decreased in both brain regions in the patients at follow-up. Gln/tCr in the posterior parietal cortex was decreased in patients at follow-up. Interestingly, (GPC + PCh)/tCr in DLPFC showed a significantly inverse correlation with free tri-iodothyronine (fT3) in hyperthyroid patients at baseline, whereas NAA/tCr showed positive correlations with fT3 and free thyroxine (fT4) in hyperthyroid patients before and after antithyroid treatment, in the posterior parietal cortex. In DLPFC, only (NAA + NAAG)/tCr showed positive correlations with fT3 and fT4 in the patients before treatment.Conclusion: The overall findings suggest that all the brain metabolite changes were not completely reversed in the hyperthyroid patients after antithyroid treatment, even after achieving euthyroidism.

Task-specific reversal of visual hemineglect following bilateral reversible deactivation of posterior parietal cortex: A comparison with deactivation of the superior colliculus

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 487-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
STEPHEN G. LOMBER ◽  
BERTRAM R. PAYNE
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
High Contrast ◽  
Reversible Deactivation ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of the present study was to compare and contrast behavioral performance on three different tasks of spatial cognition during unilateral and bilateral reversible deactivation of posterior parietal cortex. Specifically, we examined posterior middle suprasylvian (pMS) sulcal cortex in adult cats during temporary and reversible cooling deactivation. In Task 1, the cats oriented to a high-contrast, black visual stimulus moved into the visual field periphery. In Task 2, the cats oriented to a static light-emitting diode (LED). Task 3 examined the cats' ability to determine whether a black-and-white checkered, landmark box was closer to the right or left side of the testing apparatus. Following training on all tasks, cryoloops were implanted bilaterally within the pMS sulcus. Unilateral deactivation of pMS sulcal cortex resulted in virtually no responses to either moved or static stimuli and virtually no responses to landmarks presented in the contralateral hemifield, and a profound contralateral hemifield neglect was induced. Responses to stimuli and landmarks presented in the ipsilateral hemifield were unimpaired. Additive, bilateral cooling of the homotopic region in the contralateral hemisphere, but not an adjacent region, resulted in reversal of the initial hemineglect for the moved stimulus, yet induced a complete failure to orient to peripheral static LED stimuli. Bilateral cooling also reversed the contralateral neglect of the landmark, but then cats could not accurately determine position of the landmark anywhere in the visual field because performance was reduced to chance levels for all landmark loci in both hemifields. In this instance, as the contralateral neglect disappeared during bilateral cooling of pMS cortex, a new spatial discrimination deficit was revealed across the entire visual field. We conclude that pMS cortex contributes in multiple ways to the analyses of space, and that these contributions cannot be safely predicted from analyses of unilateral deactivations or from one task to another. Moreover, it is clear that other structures are capable of guiding orienting to high contrast, moved targets when pMS cortex is eliminated from brain circuitry. However, these same structures are incapable of supporting either orienting to static stimuli or analyses of spatial relations as tested with the landmark task. The impact of reversible deactivation of the superior colliculus on these same tasks is discussed.

scholarly journals Distinct behavioral effects of prefrontal and parietal cortex inactivations on an accumulation of evidence task in the rat

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey C Erlich ◽  
Bingni W Brunton ◽  
Chunyu A Duan ◽  
Timothy D Hanks ◽  
Carlos D Brody
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Integration Time ◽  
Detailed Model ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Posterior Parietal ◽  
Cortical Regions

Numerous brain regions have been shown to have neural correlates of gradually accumulating evidence for decision-making, but the causal roles of these regions in decisions driven by accumulation of evi- dence have yet to be determined. Here, in rats performing an auditory evidence accumulation task, we inactivated the frontal orienting fields (FOF) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), two rat cortical regions that have neural correlates of accumulating evidence and that have been proposed as central to decision-making. We used a detailed model of the decision process to analyze the effect of inactivations. Inactivation of the FOF induced substantial performance impairments that were quantitatively best de- scribed as an impairment in the output pathway of an evidence accumulator with a long integration time constant (>240ms). In contrast, we found a minimal role for PPC in decisions guided by accumulating auditory evidence, even while finding a strong role for PPC in internally-guided decisions.

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