scholarly journals Individually distinctive features facilitate numerical discrimination of sets of objects in domestic chicks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Rugani ◽  
Maria Loconsole ◽  
Francesca Simion ◽  
Lucia Regolin
Keyword(s):  
Configural Processing ◽  
Object Processing ◽  
Object Individuation ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Numerical Discrimination ◽  
The Face ◽  
Local Interference

Abstract Day-old domestic chicks approach the larger of two groups of identical objects, but in a 3 vs 4 comparison, their performance is random. Here we investigated whether adding individually distinctive features to each object would facilitate such discrimination. Chicks reared with 7 objects were presented with the operation 1 + 1 + 1 vs 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. When objects were all identical, chicks performed randomly, as expected (Experiment 1). In the remaining experiments, objects differed from one another due to additional features. Chicks succeeded when those features were differently oriented segments (Experiment 2) but failed when the features were arranged to depict individually different face-like displays (Experiment 3). Discrimination was restored if the face-like stimuli were presented upside-down, disrupting global processing (Experiment 4). Our results support the claim that numerical discrimination in 3 vs 4 comparison benefits from the presence of distinctive features that enhance object individuation due to individual processing. Interestingly, when the distinctive features are arranged into upright face-like displays, the process is susceptible to global over local interference due to configural processing. This study was aimed at assessing whether individual object processing affects numerical discrimination. We hypothesise that in humans similar strategies aimed at improving performance at the non-symbolic level may have positive effects on symbolic mathematical abilities.

Face Inversion Effect Emerges Under Critical Configural Discrepancy

2010 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 161-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jisien Yang ◽  
Adrian Schwaninger
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Processing ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Face Inversion Effect ◽  
Configural Information ◽  
Face Inversion ◽  
The Face

Configural processing has been considered the major contributor to the face inversion effect (FIE) in face recognition. However, most researchers have only obtained the FIE with one specific ratio of configural alteration. It remains unclear whether the ratio of configural alteration itself can mediate the occurrence of the FIE. We aimed to clarify this issue by manipulating the configural information parametrically using six different ratios, ranging from 4% to 24%. Participants were asked to judge whether a pair of faces were entirely identical or different. The paired faces that were to be compared were presented either simultaneously (Experiment 1) or sequentially (Experiment 2). Both experiments revealed that the FIE was observed only when the ratio of configural alteration was in the intermediate range. These results indicate that even though the FIE has been frequently adopted as an index to examine the underlying mechanism of face processing, the emergence of the FIE is not robust with any configural alteration but dependent on the ratio of configural alteration.

Use of kind information for object individuation in young domestic chicks

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Fontanari ◽  
Rosa Rugani ◽  
Lucia Regolin ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara
Keyword(s):  
Object Individuation ◽  
Domestic Chicks

scholarly journals Examining a Most Likely Case for Strong Campaign Effects: Hitler’s Speeches and the Rise of the Nazi Party, 1927–1933

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1050-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER SELB ◽  
SIMON MUNZERT
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Difference In Differences ◽  
National Elections ◽  
Campaign Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Extensive Data ◽  
The Face ◽  
Populist Movements

Hitler’s rise to power amidst an unprecedented propaganda campaign initiated scholarly interest in campaign effects. To the surprise of many, empirical studies often found minimal effects. The predominant focus of early work was on U.S. elections, though. Nazi propaganda as the archetypal and, in many ways, most likely case for strong effects has rarely been studied. We collect extensive data about Hitler’s speeches and gauge their impact on voter support at five national elections preceding the dictatorship. We use a semi-parametric difference-in-differences approach to estimate effects in the face of potential confounding due to the deliberate scheduling of events. Our findings suggest that Hitler’s speeches, while rationally targeted, had a negligible impact on the Nazis’ electoral fortunes. Only the 1932 presidential runoff, an election preceded by an extraordinarily short, intense, and one-sided campaign, yielded positive effects. This study questions the importance of charismatic leaders for the success of populist movements.

User Fees for Health Care: Why a Bad Idea Keeps Coming Back (Or, What's Health Got to Do With It?)

1995 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 360-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Evans ◽  
Morris L. Barer ◽  
Greg L. Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Health Care Costs ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Final Analysis ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Face ◽  
Care Costs

ABSTRACTCalls for user fees in Canadian health care go back as far as the debate leading up to the establishment of Canada's national hospital insurance program in the late 1950s. Although the rationales have shifted around somewhat, some of the more consistent claims have been that user fees are necessary as a source of additional revenue for a badly underfunded system, that they are necessary to control runaway health care costs, and that they will deter unnecessary use (read abuse) of the system. But the real reasons that user fees have been such hardy survivors of the health policy wars, bear little relation to the claims commonly made for them. Their introduction in the financing of hospital or medical care in Canada would be to the benefit of a number of groups, and not just those one usually thinks of. We show that those who are healthy, and wealthy, would join health care providers (and possibly insurers) as net beneficiaries of a reintroduction of user fees for hospital and medical care in Canada. The flip side of this is that those who are indigent and ill will bear the brunt of the redistribution (for that is really what user fees are all about), and seniors feature prominently in those latter groups. Claims of other positive effects of user fees, such as reducing total health care costs, or improving appropriateness or accessibility, simply do not stand up in the face of the available evidence. In the final analysis, therefore, whether one is for or against user fees reduces to whether one is for or against the resulting income redistribution.

scholarly journals The relationship between flexible and self-regulated learning in open and distance universities

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Per Bernard Bergamin ◽  
Simone Ziska ◽  
Egon Werlen ◽  
Eva Siegenthaler
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Learning Style ◽  
Time Management ◽  
Flexible Learning ◽  
Self Regulated Learning ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Regulated Learning ◽  
The Face ◽  
High Flexibility ◽  
The Relationship

<p>Flexibility in learning provides a student room for volitional control and an array of strategies and encourages persistence in the face of difficulties. Autonomy in and control over one’s learning process can be seen as a condition for self-regulated learning. There are a number of categories and dimensions for flexible learning; following professional publications, time, location, lesson content, pedagogy method, learning style, organization, and course requirements are all elements to consider. Using these categories and the dimensions of flexible learning, we developed and validated a questionnaire for an open and distance learning setting. This article reports on the results from a study investigating the relationship between flexible learning and self-regulated learning strategies. The results show the positive effects of flexible learning and its three factors, time management, teacher contact, and content, on self-regulated learning strategies (cognitive, metacognitive, and resource-based). Groups that have high flexibility in learning indicate that they use more learning strategies than groups with low flexibility.</p>

One, two, three, four, or is there something more? Numerical discrimination in day-old domestic chicks

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Rugani ◽  
Annachiara Cavazzana ◽  
Giorgio Vallortigara ◽  
Lucia Regolin
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Chicks ◽  
Numerical Discrimination

On the Foundations of Hysteresis in Economic Systems

1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rod Cross
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Sunk Costs ◽  
Foreign Firms ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Natural Rate ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Industrial Economics ◽  
Natural Rate Of Unemployment ◽  
The Face ◽  
Permanent Effect

Hysteresis means literally “that which comes later,” being derived from the Greek verb ύστερέω. Thus, hysteresis effects, generally defined, are those that persist after the initial causes giving rise to the effects are removed.During the course of the 1980s, it became increasingly fashionable to invoke hysteresis effects to explain economic phenomena. Two of the main areas of application were to unemployment and international trade. In the case of unemployment, distinctive features of labor markets, such as social norms that rule out wage-cutting in the face of rising unemployment, imply that “increases in unemployment have a direct impact on the ‘natural’ rate of unemployment” (Blanchard and Summers, 1988, p. 15). The implication for macroeconomic systems is that “temporary shocks can have a permanent effect on the level of employment” (Ibid., p. 307). In the case of international trade, hysteresis effects arise from the industrial economics of sunk costs: “the argument is that firms must incur sunk costs to enter new markets, and cannot recoup these costs if they exit.… thus foreign firms that entered the U.S. market when the dollar was high do not abandon their sunk cost investments when the dollar falls.” The implication for trade flows is “an effect which persists after the cause that brought it about has been removed” (Dixit, 1989, p. 205).

scholarly journals An Ethical Approach to the 21st Century Humanity in the Face of Globalization: Towards Redefining the Meaning of Humanity in the Modern Times

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
George Ohabuenyi Abah ◽  
Ignatius Ifeanyichukwu Ogbodo
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The People ◽  
Dead End ◽  
The World ◽  
Remarkable Event ◽  
The Face

BACKGROUND: Historically, every century has a remarkable event for which it is known. These events, apart from giving a peculiar identity to a century, influences the religious, political, and socio-economic lives of the people. Apparently, the underlying element in the plurality of the world-views of the people of a century is the peculiar events of their time. In this light, the 21st century is identical with globalization. METHODOLOGY: The study used a qualitative design. The methods used were historical, expository, and critical. The historical method was used to trace some centuries before the 21st century to examine their various understandings and approaches to the concept of humanity. The expository method was used to dissect the various anchors of humanity to see the relevance of a redefinition of humanity in the modern times. Finally, the critical method was used to access the 21st century humans to know the expediency for a paradigm shift on the concept of humanity in the modern times. RESULT: This paper argues that aside the positive effects of globalization, there is an urgent need to redefine the meaning of humanity that is already defaced by its inherent activities. CONCLUSION: This research recommends that an ethical redress in the understanding of humanity in the face of today&rsquo;s globalization is expedient to promote reverence for human lives. This will help to avoid the collapse of this century into a game of exploitation of each other, the dead end of narcissism and invariably the dark age of a modern time.

scholarly journals Ensemble Statistics Can Be Available before Individual Item Properties: Electroencephalogram Evidence Using the Oddball Paradigm

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Michael L. Epstein ◽  
Tatiana A. Emmanoui
Keyword(s):  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Multivariate Pattern Analysis ◽  
Object Processing ◽  
Individual Object ◽  
Object Properties ◽  
Stimulus Evaluation ◽  
Ensemble Perception ◽  
Behavioral Studies ◽  
Item Properties ◽  
Multivariate Pattern

Abstract Behavioral studies have shown that statistical properties of object groups are perceived accurately with brief exposure durations. This finding motivated the hypothesis that ensemble perception occurs rapidly in vision. However, the precise timing of ensemble perception remains unclear. Here, we used the superior temporal resolution of electroencephalography to directly compare the timing of ensemble processing to that of individual object processing. The P3b was chosen as a particular component of interest, as it is thought to measure the latency of stimulus evaluation. Participants performed a simple “oddball” task in which sets of 51 lines with varied orientations sequentially flashed briefly on the display. In these sequences, there was a 20% chance of an individual oddball, wherein one marked object tilted clockwise, and a 20% chance of an ensemble oddball, wherein the average orientation of the set tilted 20% clockwise. In counterbalanced blocks, participants were instructed to respond to either individual or ensemble oddballs. ERP analysis was performed to test the timing of this processing. At parietal electrodes, P3b components were found for both individual and ensemble oddballs. Ensemble P3b components were found to occur significantly earlier than individual P3b components, as measured with both 50% area latency and 50% onset latency. Using multivariate pattern analysis, ensemble oddball trials were classifiable from standard trials significantly earlier in their timecourse than individual oddball trials. Altogether, these results provide compelling evidence that ensemble perception occurs rapidly and that ensemble properties can be available earlier than individual object properties.

Authority

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Troisi
Keyword(s):  
Divergent Thinking ◽  
The Other ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Extreme Dependence ◽  
Personality Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
The One ◽  
Average Individual

Evolving organisms must balance the need to change at an appropriate rate in response to varying environmental conditions against the need to maintain a functioning phenotype. This trade-off between conservatism and adaptability, between stability and exploration, has an interesting analogue at the social and cultural level. On the one hand, humans are characterized by an extreme dependence on culturally transmitted information, and deference to the group norm is the average individual behavior in human societies. On the other hand, innovation and openness to experience are distinctive features of cultural revolutions. This chapter focuses on the biology of conformity and innovation, discussing a variety of related topics, including personality changes with aging, the neural bases of divergent thinking, the positive effects of conservatism on intragroup cohesion, and the link between creativity and psychosis.

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