scholarly journals Accelerated ethanol elimination via the lungs

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse M. Klostranec ◽  
Diana Vucevic ◽  
Adrian P. Crawley ◽  
Lashmi Venkatraghavan ◽  
Olivia Sobczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Concentration ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Isocapnic Hyperpnea ◽  
Ethanol Elimination ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Normal Ventilation

AbstractEthanol poisoning is endemic the world over. Morbidity and mortality depend on blood ethanol levels which in turn depend on the balance between its rates of absorption and clearance. Clearance of ethanol is mostly at a constant rate via enzymatic metabolism. We hypothesized that isocapnic hyperpnea (IH), previously shown to be effective in acceleration of clearance of vapour anesthetics and carbon monoxide, would also accelerate the clearance of ethanol. In this proof-of-concept pilot study, five healthy male subjects were brought to a mildly elevated blood ethanol concentration (~ 0.1%) and ethanol clearance monitored during normal ventilation and IH on different days. IH increased elimination rate of ethanol in proportion to blood levels, increasing the elimination rate more than three-fold. Increased veno-arterial ethanol concentration differences during IH verified the efficacy of ethanol clearance via the lung. These data indicate that IH is a nonpharmacologic means to accelerate the elimination of ethanol by superimposing first order elimination kinetics on underlying zero order liver metabolism. Such kinetics may prove useful in treating acute severe ethanol intoxication.

Arterio-Venous Differences in the Components of the Fibrinolytic Enzyme System

1966 ◽  
Vol 16 (01/02) ◽  
pp. 032-037 ◽  
Author(s):  
D Ogston ◽  
C. M Ogston ◽  
N. B Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Plasminogen Activator ◽  
Enzyme System ◽  
Venous Blood ◽  
Fibrinolytic Enzyme ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Activator Concentration ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Male Subjects

Summary1. The concentration of the major components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system was compared in venous and arterial blood samples from male subjects.2. The plasminogen activator concentration was higher in venous blood and the arterio-venous difference increased as its concentration rose, but the ratio of the arterial to venous level remained constant.3. No arterio-venous difference was found for anti-urokinase activity, antiplasmin, plasminogen and fibrinogen.4. It is concluded that venous blood determinations of the components of the fibrinolytic enzyme system reflect satisfactorily arterial blood levels.

Lactulose Reduces Intracolonic Acetaldehyde Concentration and Ethanol Elimination Rate in Rats

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1459-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
S??mia H. Zidi ◽  
Klas Linderborg ◽  
Satu V??kev??inen ◽  
Mikko Salaspuro ◽  
Kalle Jokelainen
Keyword(s):  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Acetaldehyde Concentration ◽  
Ethanol Elimination

scholarly journals Intrapulmonary Pharmacokinetics of Linezolid

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1475-1480 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Conte ◽  
Jeffrey A. Golden ◽  
Juliana Kipps ◽  
Elisabeth Zurlinden
Keyword(s):  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Dosing Interval ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Healthy Adult Male ◽  
Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Time Point

ABSTRACT In this study, our objective was to determine the steady-state intrapulmonary concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of orally administered linezolid in healthy volunteers. Linezolid (600 mg every 12 h for a total of five doses) was administered orally to 25 healthy adult male subjects. Each subgroup contained five subjects, who underwent bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) 4, 8, 12, 24, or 48 h after administration of the last dose. Blood was obtained for drug assay prior to administration of the first dose and fifth dose and at the completion of bronchoscopy and BAL. Standardized bronchoscopy was performed without systemic sedation. The volume of epithelial lining fluid (ELF) recovered was calculated by the urea dilution method, and the total number of alveolar cells (AC) was counted in a hemocytometer after cytocentrifugation. Linezolid was measured in plasma by a high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique and in BAL specimens and AC by a combined HPLC-mass spectrometry technique. Areas under the concentration-time curves (AUCs) for linezolid in plasma, ELF, and AC were derived by noncompartmental analysis. Half-lives for linezolid in plasma, ELF, and AC were calculated from the elimination rate constants derived from a monoexponential fit of the means of the observed concentrations at each time point. Concentrations (means ± standard deviations) in plasma, ELF, and AC, respectively, were 7.3 ± 4.9, 64.3 ± 33.1, and 2.2 ± 0.6 μg/ml at the 4-h BAL time point and 7.6 ± 1.7, 24.3 ± 13.3, and 1.4 ± 1.3 μg/ml at the 12-h BAL time point. Linezolid concentrations in plasma, ELF, and AC declined monoexponentially, with half-lives of 6.9, 7.0, and 5.7 h, respectively. For a MIC of 4, the 12-h plasma AUC/MIC and maximum concentration/MIC ratios were 34.6 and 3.9, respectively, and the percentage of time the drug remained above the MIC for the 12-h dosing interval was 100%; the corresponding ratios in ELF were 120 and 16.1, respectively, and the percentage of time the drug remained above the MIC was 100%. The long plasma and intrapulmonary linezolid half-lives and the percentage of time spent above the MIC of 100% of the dosing interval provide a pharmacokinetic rationale for drug administration every 12 h and indicate that linezolid is likely to be an effective agent for the treatment of pulmonary infections.

Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous Potassium Cyanide

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Bright ◽  
T.C. Marrs
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Cyanide ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
First Order ◽  
Blood Cyanide

The pharmacokinetics of intravenously injected potassium cyanide have been studied in Beagle bitches. In the period up to about 80 min after dosing, blood levels fell in a manner consistent with first-order elimination kinetics. Thereafter blood cyanide concentrations fell at a slower rate, indicating that a second phase of slower elimination had been entered.

Ethanol elimination kinetics in human liver and pig liver in vivo.

1979 ◽  
Vol 237 (4) ◽  
pp. E316 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Keiding ◽  
S Johansen ◽  
I Midtbøll ◽  
A Rabøl ◽  
L Christiansen
Keyword(s):  
Human Liver ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
Pig Liver ◽  
Ethanol Elimination

Lactulose reduces intracolonic acetaldehyde production and ethanol elimination rate in rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. A777
Author(s):  
Semia H. Zidi ◽  
Satu M. Vakevainen ◽  
Mikko P. Salaspuro ◽  
Kalle Jokelainen
Keyword(s):  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Ethanol Elimination ◽  
Acetaldehyde Production

Maturation of Whisky Changes Ethanol Elimination Kinetics and Neural Effects by Increasing Nonvolatile Congeners

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (s1) ◽  
pp. S77-S82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takeshi Haseba ◽  
Keiko Mashimo ◽  
Junichi Sugimoto ◽  
Shigeo Sato ◽  
Youkichi Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
Ethanol Elimination

Elimination rate constants of 36 PCBs in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and exposure dynamics in the Lake St. Clair - Lake Erie corridor

1995 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 2574-2582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather Morrison ◽  
Rodica Lazar ◽  
G. Douglas Haffner ◽  
Tamara Yankovich
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Dreissena Polymorpha ◽  
Lake Erie ◽  
Elimination Rate ◽  
Zebra Mussels ◽  
Elimination Kinetics ◽  
Western Lake ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Kinetics Of

The elimination kinetics of 36 PCB congeners, ranging in log octanol–water partition coefficients (log Kow) from 5.60 to 7.50, were determined in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) with shell lengths from 1.0 to 1.5 cm. Elimination rate constants, based on lipid-normalized data, ranged from 0.172 to 0.042 day−1 and exhibited a significant negative regression with log Kow. Time to 95% steady state ranged from 17.5 to 71.0 days and was used to determine the period over which mussels integrated exposure concentrations. Bioavailable PCB congener concentrations, calculated with a steady-state model, were determined from mussels collected offshore of Middle Sister Island in western Lake Erie. Chemical concentrations in water, estimated using mussels, were within an order of magnitude of direct measurements for congeners with log Kow < 6.6. The rapid elimination kinetics of zebra mussels suggests that these organisms can closely track temporal fluctuations in ambient chemical concentrations, and therefore have the potential to regulate contaminant cycling in aquatic ecosystems.

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